探析土地整理的问题及对策

土地作为生产和生活的载体,因其自然和社会属性成为经济增长和社会进步的支撑和支持条件,土地整理对土地资源的合理配置和可持续利用有重要意义。从土地整理的现状和存在的问题出发,通过分析产生诸多问题的原因,提出解决土地整理过程中出现的诸如权属调整等问题的对策,以及作出一些有益的探索。     

基于数字正射影像的影像匹配更新及精度探讨

探讨了以已有数字正射影像成果为像片控制基础,与新的航空影像/卫星影像自动配准、匹配、区域网平差,获取像片控制点及纠正点成果,结合已有数字高程模型进行影像纠正,快速生成新的数字正射影像的技术方法,并对无野外控制条件下不同分辨率的影像所能达到的精度进行了验证分析。     

利用交互多模型的动态精密单点定位故障诊断算法

提出了一种基于相邻历元模型概率比的交互多模型方法,以提高故障诊断的效率,控制异常数据对定位结果的影响。首先,根据故障可能发生的情况建立交互多模型,以便对故障进行定位;然后,根据相邻历元的故障模型概率比对故障进行诊断,提高故障诊断的正确率;最后,根据抗差估计原理对故障进行处理,控制异常影响,提高动态精密单点定位的精度。以实测动态GPS数据为例,此模型可以提高故障诊断的正确率,控制异常影响,进而提高动态精密单点定位的精度。     

逐次最小二乘在高精度曲面建模方法（HASM）中的应用

从高精度曲面建模方法（HASM）曲面方程出发,结合数据平差理论,建立了基于独立单元的计算模型,并且采用逐次最小二乘法对计算方程进行分组求解。对HASM-AD和几种经典方法的精度进行了交叉验证,结果表明,该算法模拟误差的均方根差远小于其他空间插值方法。     

t型Bayes估计及其在测量平差中的应用

针对t型估计不能抵抗病态性的影响这一缺陷,从Bayes估计的观点出发,通过对t分布模型引入未知参数的先验信息,提出了一种新的抗差有偏估计——t型Bayes估计,重点讨论了正态-Gamma先验分布下的t型Bayes估计及其EM算法和超参数的选取方案。数值实验证实了正态-Gamma先验分布下的t型Bayes估计能够同时抵抗粗差和病态性的不良影响,是一种性能更好的抗差有偏估计。     

GPS拟合高程在山地1:10000像控测量中的应用

介绍了测量中常用的高程系统概念,GPS高程拟合的方法和适用范围,通过实例分析和探讨在高程异常变化剧烈的地区GPS拟合高程满足1:10 000像控测量精度要求的一些方法.     

Evolution of a bifurcation in a meandering river with adjustable channel widths,Rhine delta apex,The Netherlands

Rivers may dramatically change course on a fluvial plain. Such an avulsion temporarily leads to two active channels connected at a bifurcation. Here we study the effect of dynamic meandering at the bifurcation and the effect of channel width adjustment to changing discharge in both downstream branches on the evolution of a bifurcation and coexisting channels. As an example, we reconstructed the last major avulsion at the Rhine delta apex. We combined historical and geological data to reconstruct a slowly developing avulsion process spanning 2000 years and involving channel width adjustment and meandering at the bifurcation. Based on earlier idealised models, we developed a one‐dimensional model for long‐term morphodynamic prediction of upstream channel and bifurcates connected at the bifurcation node. The model predicts flow and sediment partitioning at the node, including the effect of migrating meanders at the bifurcation and channel width adjustment. Bifurcate channel width adaptation to changing discharge partitioning dramatically slows the pacing of bifurcation evolution because the sediment balance for width adjustment and bed evolution are coupled. The model further shows that meandering at the bifurcation modulates channel abandonment or enlargement periodically. This explains hitherto unrecognised reactivation signals in the sedimentary record of the studied bifurcation meander belts, newly identified in our geological reconstruction. Historical maps show that bifurcation migration due to meander bend dynamics increases the bifurcation angle, which increases the rate of closure of one bifurcate. The combination of model and reconstruction identifies the relevant timescales for bifurcation evolution and avulsion duration. These are the time required to fill one downstream channel over one backwater length, the time to translate one meander wavelength downstream and, for strong river banks, the adaptation timescale to adjust channel width. The findings have relevance for all avulsions where channel width can adjust to changing discharge and where meandering occurs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京市街道灰尘中重金属元素赋存状态及环境效应

采用Tessier的五步提取法,对北京北西—南东剖面所采集的街道灰尘样品粒度≤100μm组分中As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb和Zn等6元素的5个形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物结合态、残渣态)的分布特征研究发现,在可交换态和碳酸盐结合态中Cd的含量比都为最高,Pb、Hg、Zn和As在有机物结合态中含量比相近,铁锰氧化物结合态中Pb所占比例最高,而As和Cr主要存在于残渣态中。6种街道灰尘污染元素的相对活动性和潜在生物利用度顺序为:Cd>Zn>Pb>Cr>Hg>As。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001302

We present relative sea level （RSL） curves in Antarctica derived from glacial isostatic adjustment （GIA）predictions based on the melting scenarios of the Antarctic ice sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）given in previous works.Simultaneously,Holocene-age RSL observations obtained at the raised beaches along the coast of Antarctica are shown to be in agreement with the GIA predictions.The differences from previously published ice-loading models regarding the spatial distribution and total mass change of the melted ice are significant.These models were also derived from GIA modelling; the variations can be attributed to the lack of geological and geographical evidence regarding the history of crustal movement due to ice sheet evolution.Next,we summarise the previously published ice load models and demonstrate the RSL curves based on combinations of different ice and earth models.The RSL curves calculated by GIA models indicate that the model dependence of both the ice and earth models is significantly large at several sites where RSL observations were obtained.In particular,GIA predictions based on the thin lithospheric thickness show the spatial distributions that are dependent on the melted ice thickness at each sites.These characteristics result from the short-wavelength deformation of the Earth.However,our predictions strongly suggest that it is possible to find the average ice model despite the use of the different models of lithospheric thickness.By sea level and crustal movement observations,we can deduce the geometry of the post-LGM ice sheets in detail and remove the GIA contribution from the crustal deformation and gravity change observed by space geodetic techniques,such as GPS and GRACE,for the estimation of the Antarctic ice mass change associated with recent global warming.     

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