NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE FORMATION OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC SUMMER MONSOON

In this paper,we use a two-dimensional primary equation model which contains (1) heating ofradiation,(2) heating of condensation,and (3) transfers of sensible and latent heat between air andthe underlying surface.To investigate the causes for the formation of the eastern North Pacific sum-mer monsoon,the data at 110°W are obtained and winds at underlying surface and at 200 hPa aremodified under the conditions (1) removing topography and (2) changing meridional sea surface tem-perature (SST) gradient.In the numerical modification,we find that by removing the topography,the center's location ofthe eastern North Pacific summer monsoon does not change,but the intensity of the summer monsoonis weakened.Also the onset of the summer monsoon is delayed to the end of May.The tropical east-erly jet is weakened obviously,even changes to westerly wind.On the other hand,we find that theSST gradient along 110°W influences the eastern North Pacific summer monsoon distinctly.If theSST gradient is decreased,the center of the southwest wind near 12°N does not exist any more.theintensity of the whole summer monsoon becomes very weak and the circulation pattern of the summermonsoon also changes a lot.Finally,we indicate that both topography and meridional SST gradient play important roles inthe occurrence of the eastern North Pacific summer monsoon.The meridional SST gradient is themost important factor that triggers the summer monsoon and the topography along 110°W influencesthe intensity and the onset time of the summer monsoon there mostly.     

细颗粒石英光释光测年:简单多片再生法

文中报道了细颗粒石英光释光测年中测量等效剂量的一种可靠技术——简单多片再生法。该技术的核心是引入单片再生法中试验剂量校正感量变化的功能,即在天然和再生多测片光释光信号测量后,再对各测片辐照以试验剂量,利用试验剂量的光释光信号响应对各测片归一化,同时校正可能发生的感量变化。从方法学上,这一技术具有以下优点1)试验剂量可以校正各测片的感量变化;2)对各测片归一化,克服了实验数据分散度的问题;3)通过对比简单多片再生法与单片再生法在测年中的表现,证实简单多片再生法可以克服单片再生法中可能发生的光释光信号的积累问题。最后,文中通过测定参考年龄样品,即洛川剖面末次冰期马兰黄土(L1)的开始堆积年龄,验证了简单多片再生法的可靠性,即在提高测量准确度和精度的同时,更节约时间     

SEAWAT 2000: modelling unstable flow and sensitivity to discretization levels and numerical schemes

A systematic analysis shows how results from the finite difference code SEAWAT are sensitive to choice of grid dimension, time step, and numerical scheme for unstable flow problems. Guidelines to assist in selecting appropriate combinations of these factors are suggested. While the SEAWAT code has been tested for a wide range of problems, the sensitivity of results to spatial and temporal discretization levels and numerical schemes has not been studied in detail for unstable flow problems. Here, the Elder-Voss-Souza benchmark problem has been used to systematically explore the sensitivity of SEAWAT output to spatio-temporal resolution and numerical solver choice. A grid size of 0.38 and 0.60% of the total domain length and depth respectively is found to be fine enough to deliver results with acceptable accuracy for most of the numerical schemes when Courant number (Cr) is 0.1. All numerical solvers produced similar results for extremely fine meshes; however, some schemes converged faster than others. For instance, the 3rd-order total variation-diminishing method (TVD3) scheme converged at a much coarser mesh than the standard finite difference methods (SFDM) upstream weighting (UW) scheme. The sensitivity of the results to Cr number depends on the numerical scheme as expected.     

变形监测网的质量测度

对变形监测网络的质量测度－精度、灵敏度和可区分度进行了讨论，重点论述了它们之间的关系及应用的条件，并以算例加以论证。     

水稻水分生产函数时空变异规律研究

基于对水稻Jensen模型中敏感指数在全生育期变化规律的认识,以生长曲线函数建立了水稻敏感指数累积函数,分析了其特征,从而解决了不同长时段敏感指数转换计算问题。较全面地揭示了水稻水分生产函数及其敏感指数累积函数中主要参数随气象条件及土壤因子变化的规律。通过参照作物需水量及其频率以及不同地区土壤有效含水量为媒介,建立了对水分敏感指标在不同水文年份 (时间)和不同地区 (空间)进行预报的数学模型,据此提出了水稻水分生产函数在时、空两方面插补、延长、移用与扩展的理论与方法。借助于参照作物需水量等值线图及土壤分布图,探讨了绘制水分生产函数及其主要参数等值线图的原理和方法。     

地下水有机污染的水文地球化学标志物探讨——以河南油田为例

经过野外现场调查和取样分析及室内研究得知南阳油田地下水已遭受不同程度的有机物污染，且污染范围可能进一步向油田南部扩散。根据近似地下水流线方向上地下水中总油质量浓度和Fe,Mn等无机组分的变化势态，结合含水介质化学分析结果，发现硫酸盐、Fe和Mn可作为地下水有机污染和地球化学标志物。在含水介质中Fe和Mn质量浓度较高的地方，地下水有机污染物降解速度快，含水介质中Fe和Mn的氧化物和氢氧化物的还原作用导致了含水层介质中Fe和Mn的缺乏和地下水中溶解Fe和Mn的积聚；在含水介质中Fe和Mn质量浓度低的地方，地下水中的有机物质量浓度并没有降低，相应地地下水中溶解Fe和Mn的质量浓度也很低。同时，由于有机污染物的存在使地下水中硫酸盐被还原，导致城下水中硫酸盐质量浓度偏低，且地下水中Fe对有机物污染的敏感性比Mn强。     

气候变化对黄土碳库效应影响的敏感性研究

中国黄土分布广、厚度大,是古气候变化的良好记录载体,然而黄土在大气CO2循环中到底是源还是汇一直是困扰人们的一个问题.本文利用陆相生态系统中的生物地球化学模型,通过敏感性试验,模拟了土壤有机碳对气候变化的响应.结果表明:1)在各种稳定的气候条件下黄土的土壤有机质都是持续增加的,因此可以认为自然条件下黄土是大气CO2的一个汇;2)温度和降水对黄土中土壤有机质含量的影响正好相反,表明湿度是影响黄土地区生态环境的主要因素,温度和降水都是通过对湿度的影响来影响植被生态的;3)地表植被和土壤有机质是黄土碳库与大气CO2之间的重要媒介.黄土表层的生物地球化学过程是影响黄土碳汇效应的主要过程;4)黄土碳库的主要存在形式以次生碳酸盐为主,其次是土壤有机质,气态CO2只占很小比例.     

中国高放废物处置库选址中灵敏地质特征的初步确认

本文首先根据中国、瑞士和日本3国高放废物处置概念的相似性，建立中国第一处置库系统性能评价模型；然后通过对9个地质变量在8个事件中的灵敏度分析，初步确认出3个灵敏地质物征。此项研究对中国目前高放废物处置库选址工作有一定的指导意义。     

Neuro‐control of seismically excited steel structure through sensitivity evaluation scheme

The neuro‐controller training algorithm based on cost function is applied to a multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system; and a sensitivity evaluation algorithm replacing the emulator neural network is proposed. In conventional methods, the emulator neural network is used to evaluate the sensitivity of structural response to the control signal. To use the emulator, it should be trained to predict the dynamic response of the structure. Much of the time is usually spent on training of the emulator. In the proposed algorithm, however, it takes only one sampling time to obtain the sensitivity. Therefore, training time for the emulator is eliminated. As a result, only one neural network is used for the neuro‐control system. In the numerical example, the three‐storey building structure with linear and non‐linear stiffness is controlled by the trained neural network. The actuator dynamics and control time delay are considered in the simulation. Numerical examples show that the proposed control algorithm is valid in structural control. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.