A catchment water balance model for estimating groundwater recharge in arid and semiarid regions of south-east Iran

This paper presents a new model of the rainfall-runoff-groundwater flow processes applicable to semiarid and arid catchments in south-east Iran. The main purpose of the model is to assess the groundwater recharge to aquifers in these catchments. The model takes into account main recharge mechanisms in the region, including subsurface flow in the valley alluvium in mountainous areas and recharge from the bed of ephemeral rivers. It deals with the effects of spatial variation in the hydrological processes by dividing the catchment into regions of broad hydrologic similarity named as highland, intermediate and aquifer areas. The model is based on the concept of routing precipitation within and through the catchment. The model has been applied to the Zahedan catchment and the results indicate that the groundwater level estimated by the recharge model generally is in agreement with the behaviour of groundwater levels in observation wells. The sensitivity analysis indicates that when the rainfall in the aquifer area is used to replace the values recorded in the intermediate area and the highland area, the recharge estimates are reduced by 42-87%. This result supports the division of the catchment into different zones of hydrological similarity to account for spatial variability of hydrological processes. Electronic Publication     

黄土高原半干旱区天然锦鸡儿灌丛对土壤水分的影响

本文选择黄土高原半干旱区定西地区的一种地带性植被,天然甘蒙锦鸡儿灌丛,将其0～99m深的土壤水分含量与人工柠条锦鸡儿灌丛、人工杏树林、天然草地、放牧荒坡和农地的土壤水分含量进行了比较。结果发现,天然锦鸡儿灌丛在1m以下土壤各层的水分含量均高于人工柠条灌丛和人工杏树林,而与放牧荒坡和农地的土壤湿度接近,略低于农地。天然锦鸡儿灌丛4m以上土层的土壤湿度还明显高于天然草地;天然锦鸡儿灌丛形成的难效—无效水层深度在2m土层以上,而人工柠条灌丛形成的难效无效水层则深达56m,人工杏树林42m,天然草地、放牧荒坡分别为36m和33m,农地1m。     

半干旱草场的多角度多波段反射率遥感模型

从几何光学(GO)模型出发,针对半干旱的草场植被,引入了多光谱冠层反射模型MSRM、土壤反射光谱Price模型以及土壤方向性反射Walthall模型,提出一种适用于区域尺度的多角度多波段反射率模型,并采用MISR和MODIS卫星数据进行验证,验证结果表明模型有较好的适用性。这为多角度、多波段遥感数据用于半干旱草场植被的定量研究提供了新的方法。     

Isotopic geochemistry of the groundwater system in arid and semiarid areas and its significance: a case study in Shiyang River basin, Gansu province, northwest China

 Shiyang River basin, located in the eastern part of Hexi Corridor in the middle Gansu province, NW China, is a typical arid to semiarid area. Within its drainage distance of merely 300 km, the groundwater system shows a gradual hydrochemical zonation from the upper reach to the lower reach, which is composed of hydrocarbonate, sulfate to chloride zones respectively. Variation in the saturation index (SI) of calcite and dolomite shows that, under arid to semiarid conditions, the drastic evaporation causes the groundwater quality to deteriorate in the lower reach. Isotopic compositions of H, O and He in the groundwater show that the groundwater recharge sources are mainly from meteoric water. δ³He–³He/²⁰Ne coordinates could clearly distinguish the water sources and mixing among them. In the Caiqi region, there is apparent mixing of the crevice water containing excess ⁴He with the overlying groundwater, which also implies a much lower circulation rate of the groundwater. Fairly high ³He/⁴He ratios of the groundwaters collected from the adjacent area of hidden faults along Qilian Mountains show the eminent input of mantle-derived helium, indicating that these faults not only cut the crust deeply, but are currently active. Received: 11 February 2000 · Accepted: 23 May 2000     

A review of the research on complex erosion by wind and water

Complex erosion by wind and water, which is also called aeolian-fluvial interactions, is an important erosion process and landscape in arid and semiarid regions. The effectiveness of links between wind and water process, spatial environmental transitions and temporal environmental change are the three main driving forces determining the geomorphologic significance of aeolian-fluvial interactions. As a complex interrelating and intercoupling system, complex erosion by wind and water has spatial- temporal variation features. The process of complex erosion by wind and water can be divided into palaeoenvironmental process and contemporary process. Early work in drylands has often been attributed to one of two schools advocating either an ‘aeolianist’ or a ‘fluvialist’ perspective, so it was not until the 1930s that the research on complex erosion by wind and water had been conducted. There are two obstacles restricting the research of complex erosion by wind and water. Firstly, how to transform in different temporal and spatial scales is still unsettled; and secondly, the research methodology is still immature. In the future, the mechanism and control of erosion, the complex soil erodibility in wind and water erosion will be the focus of research on complex erosion by wind and water.     

DIFFERENTIATING SEMIARID ENVIRONMENTS USING LANDSAT REFLECTANCE INDEXES

Relationships between Landsat reflectance indexes that extract the individual component contributions of vegetation and the soil background and the composition of a semiarid grassland-shrub environment are examined. The results indicate that two reflectance indexes, the Transformed Vegetation Index (TVI) and the ratio of Landsat MSS6/MSS5, exhibit the highest correlation with vegetation density. The ratio of MSS6/MSS4, the ratio of MSS5/MSS4, and the MSS6 soil background reflectance component (Rgg6) emerge as the best indexes to discriminate between semiarid landscape units. The relationships between reflectance and land cover composition suggest that Landsat reflectance may be useful to monitor temporal and spatial changes in the condition of semiarid vegetation.     

干旱半干旱区山地森林类型的土壤水文特征

处于中国西北干旱半干旱区的山地森林以独特的水文作用成为山前平原及川区绿洲生态经济系统稳定发展的基础。以无林地为对照,对典型山地森林祁连山水源涵养林区4种主要林分类型的土壤水文物理性状、土壤入渗特性及土壤贮水性能进行定位研究,结果表明:(1)不同林分类型的土壤容重、孔隙度和孔隙比等表征土壤水文物理性质的指标明显好于无林地,且0～20 cm土层好于20～40 cm。各指标林地间差异较大,其中青海云杉林和湿性灌丛林好于祁连圆柏林,干性灌丛林较差。(2)乘幂方程能较好的反映研究地区不同林分的土壤入渗过程,有林地入渗性能好于无林地,青海云杉林、湿性灌丛林、祁连圆柏林、干性灌丛林的平均渗透速率值分别是无林地(1.68 mm/min)的15.72,13.39,3.55,1.94倍。(3)有林地的土壤吸持、滞留贮水量、土壤涵蓄降水量、有效涵蓄量均表现为青海云杉林>湿性灌丛林>祁连圆柏林>干性灌丛林>无林地,且0～20 cm土壤贮水性能好于20～40 cm。说明在涵养水源和水分有效性方面,青海云杉林和湿性灌丛林优于祁连圆柏林和干性灌丛林。从涵蓄水分、涵养水源角度来考虑,可优先考虑青海云杉林和湿性灌丛林。     

不同植被类型对厚层黄土剖面水分含量的影响

为了研究不同植被类型土壤水分差异和土壤水分的年际变化特征, 对陕西省绥德县境 内的农地、天然草地、人工柠条林、人工侧柏林、人工油松林、人工油松侧柏混交林地0~10 m 土壤剖面的土壤水分含量进行了测定与分析。农地土壤约在3 m 以上、其他植被类型约在 2 m 以上土层的土壤含水量随年降雨量的大小存在年际变化, 且农地土壤含水量显著高于其 他植被类型, 其他植被类型间无显著性差异。0~2 m 土层农地土壤水分在不同测定年份始终在易效水以上, 但其他植被类型的土壤水分随降雨量的不同变化于难效- 无效水与易效水之间。农地3 m、其他植被类型约2 m 以下的土壤含水量无显著性年际变化。农地与天然草地 土壤含水量显著高于其他人工林植被, 但二者含水量之间无显著差异, 土壤水分都属易效水 范围。人工柠条灌木林土壤水分显著低于其他植被类型, 人工侧柏林、人工油松林和人工油 松侧柏混交林之间土壤含水量无显著性差异。人工柠条林土壤水分属于难效-无效水范围, 人工乔木林接近难效-无效水范围。     

Soil-moisture dynamics and tree-water status in a Picea crassifolia forest,Qilian Mountains,China

Landscapes of the mountainous regions in northwestern China comprise a unique pattern of vegetation,consisting of a mosaic of grassland and shrub-forest.Forests generally self-organize into ordered structures and coalesce into blocks on north-facing slopes or stripes along southeast-facing slopes,with Picea crassifolia being the most representative and dominant tree species.We investigated the tree-water status and soil-moisture dynamics at a forest site(Guantan)of the Qilian Mountains in northwest China.The 30-minute-interval measurements of tree-sap flow during the growing season of 2008 are presented,and the potential functional relations between tree transpiration and environmental factors are evaluated.Soil moisture and solar energy were identified as the most influential factors,explaining more than 70%of the variance in sap flow.Based on field measurements obtained at the forest site,a stochastic model of soil-moisture dynamics was tested;and the steady-state probability density functions(PDFs)of the long-term soil-moisture dynamics and static tree-water stress were estimated using the validated model and parameters.We found that the model reproduced measured soil moisture well,despite all the simplifying assumptions.The generated PDF of long-term soil moisture was relatively open,with middle to low average values;and the calculated density of the static tree-water stress at the forest site was largely concentrated between 0 and 0.6,suggesting a moderate water-stress situation in most cases.We argue that both water and energy are limiting factors for vegetation at the forest site.In addition,the tradeoff between reduced evapotranspiration(ET)from limited solar energy and increased soil-moisture availability may create a stressed but tolerable environment and,in turn,produce a relatively constant ecological niche favorable to Picea crassifolia growth.     

干旱半干旱区城市生态效率时空演变及区域差异分析

研究西北干旱半干旱区城市生态效率,对其经济、资源、环境的协调统一以及生态文明建设的推进具有重要的现实意义。以西北干旱半干旱区38个城市为研究对象,运用三阶段DEA方法客观地测度了各城市2005—2016年生态效率,同时运用ESDA方法全面分析了生态效率的区域差异。结果显示：干旱半干旱区城市生态效率普遍较低,并呈现正向全局空间自相关关系;热点区域主要以乌鲁木齐、克拉玛依等为中心,冷点区域主要以平凉、固原等为中心,热点区域数量呈现先增后减再增的N形变动趋势,冷点区域数量则呈现先减后增再减的倒N形变动趋势