半干旱区雨水集流研究进展及其现状

论述了国内外半干旱区雨水集流研究的发展和存在问题。国外雨水集流研究的发展可分为三个阶段:20世纪50年代以前为雨水的初始利用阶段;20世纪50年代到80年代为基础性研究和技术开发大发展阶段;20世纪80年代以后为系统研究阶段。国内雨水集流研究相对较晚,20世纪60年代为初步研究阶段,20世纪80年代以后为系统研究阶段。集水技术操作简单,适应性强,费用低,开发潜力大,从事的生产领域广泛,采用这种技术可以建立新的农业生态系统并改善半干旱区生态环境。     

半干旱区沙地沙蒿生物量及根系分布特征研究

沙蒿是中国西北半干旱地区主要的固沙植物,其根系分布影响包气带水分运移过程,准确的植被特征和根系密度分布对根系吸水模型的建立十分重要。采用整体挖掘法获取不同层位的根系和根际土壤含水量,引入冠级和龄级的概念对沙蒿根系分布特征进行研究。分析结果表明：沙蒿种群以低龄级沙蒿占优,其根系生物量随龄级呈'S’型增长;根系长度分布和均一化根系密度分布均符合对数正态分布,最大值出现在浅层土壤20 cm处;沙蒿生长不依赖于地下水,其根系主要利用包气带中的水分,持续干旱条件下,为满足蒸腾作用根系出现两种调节方式：（1）横向生长增加根系量,利用横向土壤剖面的水分。（2）浅层根区由于水分胁迫造成的吸水量减少由深部相对湿润的根区补偿。因此沙蒿根系吸水模型中的根系密度分布函数应为对数正态分布,且吸水过程不仅依赖于根系密度分布,同时受土壤水分的影响。     

U.K.-U.S. WORKSHOP ON INTERFACING MICRO- AND MACRO-MODELS OF SPATIAL BEHAVIOR

Five semiarid Montana ghost towns abandoned for more than 45 years were studied to understand better the nature of soil and vegetation recovery following severe human impacts. Discriminant analysis was used to interpret and classify variation among land-use intensity groups. Recovery at the five towns was strongly linked to the degree of the initial soil disturbance, vegetation type, and precipitation. Recovery of the vegetation to ambient conditions was far from complete in all but one town.     

Aeolian dust transportation and deposition by near-surface winds in arid and semiarid China

Dustfall collections were carried out in April and May 2001 and in March 2002 at six sites in northern China.Our results showed that the total deposition of dust fractions 250 μm in diameter and the deposition of Fe both decreased exponentially with increasing distances from the source areas,and that the half-attenuation distance (HAD) for dust deposition was about 229 km in this re-gion.The HAD was closely related to the grain-size distribution of the dust,and the 15 to 20 μm fractions had the longest HAD.However,the fractions 15 μm in diameter can be easily adsorbed to coarse particles and deposited after only short distances,and the HAD for the fractions 15 to 100 μm in diameter showed a power relationship with the grain-size distribution.The HAD for Fe deposition was 233 km,which was a little longer than that of total dust deposition,which suggests that the Fe content is higher in fine particles than in coarse particles,as previous studies have suggested.In addition,our analysis showed that under the control of current climatic conditions,the coarse fractions in dust derived from northwestern China cannot be transported over long distances,instead,it is transported primarily by near-surface winds (3 km above the ground).The Fe in aeolian dust generated from arid and semiarid regions of China and deposited in the North Pacific region is usually transported by the upper westerlies.     

中国干旱、半干旱区近千年来沙漠化对气候变化的响应

过去近千年来中国北方干旱、半干旱区沙漠化对气候变化有明显的响应,但响应的时间和幅度均存在区域差异。在中世纪温暖期,西部沙区温暖干旱,沙漠化表现为正过程;青藏高原地区沙漠化对气候变化的响应则不统一;中东部沙区为暖湿气候,发生逆过程。在小冰期,西部沙区寒冷且相对湿润,沙漠化发生逆转;青藏高原区沙漠化的响应并不明显;中东部沙区气候寒冷干燥,沙漠化加速。在20世纪暖期,西部沙区和青藏高原区总体上气候呈现暖干化特征,沙漠化发展;而中东部沙区沙漠化则在逆转,但在末期沙漠化有发展的趋势。总体上,西部沙区在暖期沙漠化发生明显的正过程,冷期逆过程明显;东部沙区在暖期沙漠化发生逆转,冷期正过程加速;青藏高原区沙漠化正逆过程主要表现为振荡形式。     

Land clearance and hydrological change in the Sahel: SW Niger

In the West African semiarid belt of the Sahel, for the second half of the XXth century, lasting droughts (1970s–1980s) and one of the World's highest population growths have resulted in major land cover and hydrological changes that can be quantified using aerial photographs. This paper aims to provide one of the longest combined observations of land cover and hydrological changes for semiarid areas using a time series of normalised mosaics of aerial photographs dating back from 1950, field inquiries, and updated groundwater data. The 500 km² study area in southwest Niger was chosen (i) for its rural environment representative of the rain-fed agriculture belt of the Sahel and (ii) to encompass the main hydrological study sites investigated in this region over the past two decades (Hapex-Sahel and AMMA experiments, 1990–2000s). Results have significant implications for future freshwater availability and food security in the Sahel.Between 1950 and 1992,  80% of the study area has been cleared, firstly to open new areas for agriculture and secondly for firewood supply (59% of the plateaux, 42% of the valley bottoms, and 87% of the hillslopes). Intermediate aerial photograph surveys (1960, 1975) attest an accelerated loss in the woody savannah that could not be recovered on the short term. A strong, indirect impact of land clearance is observed on the water resources. Land clearance has resulted in a modification of the soil properties and infiltration capacity and has led to an increase in Hortonian runoff collected in numerous gullies and ponds. Between 1950 and 1992, aerial photographs show a  2.5 fold increase of the drainage density with the development of large drainage systems and new ponds. Groundwater data also indicate a continuous rise in the water table, mostly noticeable since the 1980s with a mean groundwater level rise of  4 m for the 1963–2005 period (+ 15% in aquifer reserves). The relatively short  30 year time-lag between the onset of land clearance and the beginning of the water table rise is linked to the process of indirect groundwater recharge and is timed with the connectivity of the drainage network and the formation of new ponds. Finally, the sustained increase in surface runoff and groundwater recharge during the past four decades indicates that the indirect impact of land clearance on the terrestrial water balance has been stronger than that of the long-lasting Sahelian drought. As the rate of land clearance increased for the past century in semiarid Africa, its main hydrological effects may not yet be fully perceptible.     

Impacts of human activities on recharge in a multilayered semiarid aquifer (Campo de Cartagena,SE Spain)

The development of intense agriculture in semiarid areas modifies intensity and spatial distribution of groundwater recharge by summing irrigation return flow to limited rainfall infiltration. Environmental tracers provide key information, but their interpretation is complicated by more complex groundwater flow patterns. In multilayered aquifers, the real origin of the groundwater samples is hard to assess because of local mixing processes occurring inside long‐screened boreholes. We use environmental tracers (¹⁴C, ¹³C, ²H, ¹⁸O, ³H) to investigate the long‐term evolution of recharge in the five‐layer Campo de Cartagena aquifer in South‐Eastern Spain, in addition to high‐resolution temperature loggings to identify the depth of origin of groundwater. Despite the complex background, this methodology allowed a reliable interpretation of the geochemistry and provided a better understanding of the groundwater flow patterns. The tritium method did not give good quantitative results because of the high variability of the recharge signal but remained an excellent indicator of recent recharge. Nonetheless, both pre‐anthropization and post‐anthropization recharge regime could be identified and quantified by radiocarbon. Before the development of agriculture, recharge varied from 17 mm.year^‐1 at the mountain ranges to 6 mm.year^‐1 in the plain, whereas the mean annual rainfall is about 300 mm. In response to the increase of agricultural activity, recharge fluxes to the plain were amplified and nowadays reach up to 210 mm.year^‐1 in irrigated areas. These values are strengthened by global water budget and local unsaturated zone studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Initial abstraction and curve numbers for semiarid watersheds in Southeastern Arizona

The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number (CN) estimates of direct runoff from rainfall for semiarid catchments can be inaccurate. Investigation of the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) (Southeastern Arizona) and its ten nested catchments determined that the inaccuracy is due to the original SCS ratio (λ) of 0.2 between initial abstraction and maximum potential retention. Sensitivity analyses indicate that runoff estimation can be very sensitive to the initial abstraction ratio, especially for relatively low rainfall amount and for watersheds covered by deep, coarse, and porous soil, conditions that dominate many semiarid watersheds worldwide. Changing the ratio of initial abstraction to the maximum potential retention to optimal values ranging from 0.01 to 0.53 for different Walnut Gulch catchments improved runoff estimates. The greater the channel area and the finer the soil, the smaller the initial abstraction ratio is. The variation of the initial abstraction ratio for the WGEW is due to the variation of maximum potential retention and initial abstraction, which are channel area and soil‐dependent parameters. The greater the channel area, the higher the maximum potential retention S is, and the coarser the soil, the larger the initial abstraction I_a is. In addition, the effect of initial abstraction ratio on runoff estimation increases with decreasing CN. Thus, impacts of initial abstraction ratio on runoff estimation should be considered, especially for semiarid watersheds where the CN is usually low. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国北方干旱半干旱区表土的有机质碳同位素、磁化率与年降水量的关系

古土壤和湖泊中的有机质碳同位素与磁化率指标被广泛应用于古气候的重建。但由于各地自然条件的差异,其气候意义具有一定的区域性。通过对中国秦岭到内蒙古北部的中蒙边境(34°N～43°N)连续剖面上的102个采样点的表层土壤样品的有机质碳同位素和磁化率进行测定,并搜集了该区域部分站点的降水资料。研究表明有机质碳同位素波动在-22‰～-30‰之间,其碳同位素值与降水量存在显著的线性负相关关系。磁化率与年均降水量也存在显著的函数关系,总体上磁化率随着年降水量的增加而增加。研究进一步证明,在中国干旱和半干旱区,表土中的有机质碳同位素δ13C和磁化率对年降水量具有显著的指示作用,因此可以用古土壤中的有机质碳同位素和磁化率作为代用指标,来反映古降水的变化。     

陕北榆林市耕地变化的驱动机制及其情景分析

选取地处北方农牧交错带的陕北榆林市作为典型研究区,利用历年土地利用详查及其变更数据,并结合野外调研资料,对该区近10年来县域耕地资源变化态势,以及土地退化、退耕还林还草、农业结构调整等因素对耕地变化的影响机理进行了系统研究。主要结论是:(1)榆林市耕地面积总量呈减少趋势,且在不同时段和空间上呈现出显著差异性;(2)土地退化、退耕还林还草、农业结构调整与建设占用是榆林市耕地减少的4个主要原因,其贡献率达98%;(3)草地和未利用地开垦是榆林市耕地面积增加的主要原因,分别占耕地增加总量的48%和39%;(4)未来10年榆林市耕地面积仍以减少为主,但耕地质量会有不同程度的提高。