大同县孔隙地下水富集规律研究

为了更合理的开发和保护大同县的地下水资源,在综合研究大同县地质环境条件及地下水勘察资料的基础上,分析了大同县孔隙地下水富集规律及其影响因素,并对大同县孔隙地下水进行了富水性分区。本研究对大同县地下水资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。     

安徽东至县中畈金矿金的赋存状态及富集规律浅析

中畈金矿体产于青白口系邓家组中的碎裂岩蚀变带及其旁侧次级构造控制的砂岩蚀变带和脉岩中,受北西西向构造控制明显。近年来受业主委托,笔者组织了该区首选地段的工程施工,目前通过工程控制共圈定金矿体9个,其中Ⅰ-1、Ⅱ、Ⅷ-1、Ⅷ-2号矿体为该区主要矿体。工作中笔者采取了大量分析测试样品,进行了细致的实内分析研究,同时结合野外工作实际,系统总结了中畈金的矿石类型、矿石矿物成分、金的分布、赋存状态等特征,并对金的富集规律做了初步研究,以期对该区乃至该区域找矿起到借鉴作用。     

Seasonal distribution of trace metals in suspended particulate and bottom sediments of four microtidal river estuaries,west coast of India

ABSTRACT

The seasonal distribution of metals (V, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe, Al and Ti) in suspended and bottom sediments of four minor estuaries (Terekhol, Chapora, Sal and Talpona rivers) of Goa, India was investigated to understand the metal distribution process in the estuarine region. The highest particulate-metal concentrations were found in low-salinity regions of all the estuaries, in the wet season (e.g. in the Terekhol River, the averages in ppm were Co: 53, Ni: 197, Cu: 208, Zn: 212 and Pb: 65) compared to the dry season averages (Co: 27, Ni: 76, Cu: 105, Zn: 164 and Pb: 13 ppm). The estuarine-mixing diagrams showed non-conservative behaviour in both seasons. The Sal River had the highest particulate-metal concentration (Co: 106, Ni: 300 and Zn: 323 ppm), suggesting an anthropogenic input. The enrichment factor for suspended matter was higher than bottom sediments with extremely high enrichment for Mn (>10). The Geo-accumulation index displayed unpolluted to polluted class for all metals. The study highlights the important role played by small estuaries in seasonal metal release and accumulation along the coastal region.     

Evaluation of inductive logic programming for information extraction from natural language texts to support spatial data recommendation services

In this article we analyze a well-known and extensively researched problem: how to find all datasets, on the one hand, and on the other hand only those that are of value to the user when dealing with a specific spatially oriented task. In analogy with existing approaches to a similar problem from other fields of human endeavor, we call this software solution ‘a spatial data recommendation service.’ In its final version, this service should be capable of matching requests created in the user's mind with the content of the existing datasets, while taking into account the user's preferences obtained from the user's previous use of the service. As a result, the service should recommend a list of datasets best suited to the user's needs. In this regard, we consider metadata, particularly natural language definitions of spatial entities, a crucial piece of the solution. To be able to use this information in the process of matching the user's request with the dataset content, this information must be semantically preprocessed. To automate this task we have applied a machine learning approach. With inductive logic programming (ILP) our system learns rules that identify and extract values for the five most frequent relations/properties found in Slovene natural language definitions of spatial entities. The initially established quality criterion for identifying and extracting information was met in three out of five examples. Therefore we conclude that ILP offers a promising approach to developing an information extraction component of a spatial data recommendation service.     

Toward an inclusive semantic interoperability: the case of Cree hydrographic features

There has been ample work in GIScience on the formalization of ontologies but a relatively neglected area is the influence of language and culture on ontologies of geography. Although this subject has been investigated for conceptual ontologies using indigenous words denoting geographic features, this article represents the first attempt to develop a logical ontology with an indigenous group. The process of developing logical ontologies is here referred to as formalization. A methodology for formalizing ontologies with indigenous peoples is presented. A conceptual (human readable) ontology and a logical (axioms specified in mathematical logic) ontology were developed using this methodology. Research was conducted with the Cree, the largest indigenous language grouping in Canada. Results show that the geospatial ontology developed from Cree geographic concepts possesses unique design considerations: no superordinate classes were found from archival sources or Cree speakers so ontologies are structurally flat; the ontology contains some unique classes of water bodies; and the ontology challenges our notions of the generalizability of ontologies within indigenous groups. Whereas these difficulties are not insurmountable to the establishment of a cross-cultural Geospatial Semantic Web, the current plans of the World Wide Web Consortium do not adequately address them. We suggest future directions toward an inclusive semantic interoperability.     

铧厂沟金矿床北部控矿剪切带地质特征及金的富集规律

野外调研和室内分析结果表明。区域韧性剪切带在铧厂沟金矿床非常发育，并经历了右行—左行—右行多期（次）活动。北部控矿韧脆性剪切带是区域韧性剪切带演化的产物，以左行剪切为主。位于铁夹树—庙湾北部厚层灰岩的下部。北部金矿带受北部控矿剪切带控制，长度大于1km．厚度约70cm，从地表延伸至1120m标高。未见尖灭趋势。黄铁矿是该类矿石中最重要的金属矿物。自然金是主要金矿物。有明金和显微金两种。矿石结构构造较为复杂。集中反映了热液矿床的构造特征。矿带的形成可划分为热液期和表生期。原生矿石中绝大部分明金、显微金中的包体金和裂隙金都与黄铁矿密切相关。黄铁矿（Ⅰ）经历了韧脆性变形。因而是金的最佳载体矿物。北部韧脆性剪切带的多期（次）活动，使金富集成为工业矿体。结合地质特征，预测该矿带可延伸至1120m以下一定深度。     

众源车辆轨迹加油停留行为探测与加油站点提取

针对当前加油站点信息采集成本高、更新周期长等问题,提出了运用车辆轨迹数据提取加油站点的方法。首先,从轨迹运动特征、几何模式等方面分析个体和群体加油行为轨迹特征。其次,基于Stop/Move模型,集成加油轨迹运动特征提出速度序列线性聚类算法提取加油停留轨迹。最后,运用Delaunay三角网层次聚类加油停留轨迹线,综合运用傅里叶形状识别、语义约束等方法识别、提取加油站点。运用北京市7d的出租车轨迹数据进行试验分析,共提取482个加油站,正确率为93.1%,且位置精度高。     

开封古城不同朝代文化层重金属积累与污染分析

开封古城黄泛沉积形成的“城摞城”奇观为文化层重金属积累与污染分析提供难得的材料。在开封市城区（师专钻孔和医专钻孔）和郊区（金明钻孔）分别获取25 m连续岩芯,大部分按10 cm间隔分样,共获得657个沉积物样品。用ICP-MS和AFS方法测定样品Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Hg、As、Ni、Cr和Co含量。结合地层¹⁴C年代数据、考古发掘及历史文献记载,建立不同朝代文化层年代框架,开展文化层重金属积累与污染分析。结果表明：师专、医专和金明钻孔均存在战国、宋金、明早期、明中期、明晚期和清代6个文化层。文化层大部分重金属发生不同程度富集,以Hg富集最为明显,城区钻孔明早期以前文化层达到强富集至极强富集水平。绝大多数文化层发生了重金属轻度至中度污染,中度污染发生在城区钻孔的宋金文化层。城区钻孔的最主要污染重金属是Hg,其次是Cu、Pb和Zn;郊区钻孔的主要污染重金属是Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb。不同朝代文化层重金属污染程度与其人口密度呈正相关。明早、中、晚期文化层污染程度逐渐减轻的现象可能与明朝开封城复兴与频繁的黄河泛滥有关。     

硫酸钠亚型盐湖卤水不同温度下Li~+富集、结晶行为研究——以西藏拉果错盐湖为例

西藏拉果错盐湖属于硫酸钠亚型盐湖,卤水含有钾、锂、硼等有价值组分,针对此类盐湖资源,研究锂的富集过程非常必要。通过硫酸钠亚型盐湖卤水的变温蒸发过程,对比了锂在不同温度下富集规律和饱和点,卤水中的锂在蒸发过程中主要以硫酸锂和锂芒硝等形式结晶,在此基础上建立了锂和硫酸根浓度与温度变化关系的相关性,根据组成和温度,计算了浓度熵,模拟了锂饱和点和浓度熵的关系方程;利用浓度熵方程,控制锂盐析出,从而实现获得高锂浓度的卤水,为硫酸钠亚型盐湖卤水天然蒸发富集锂和盐湖资源高效利用提供依据。     

Understanding the controls on sediment-P interactions and dynamics along a non-tidal river system in a rural–urban catchment: The River Nene

The release of Phosphorus (P) from river sediments has been identified as a contributing factor to waters failing the criteria for ‘Good Ecological Status’ under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). To identify the contribution of sediment-P to river systems, an understanding of the factors that influence its distribution within the entire non-tidal system is required. Thus the aims of this work were to examine the (i) total (P_Total) and labile (P_Labile) concentrations in sediment, (ii) the sequestration processes and (iii) the interactions between sediment P and the river water in the six non-tidal water bodies of the River Nene, U.K. Collection of sediments followed a long period of flooding and high stream flow. In each water body, five cores were extracted and homogenised for analysis with an additional core being taken and sampled by depth increments. Comparing the distribution of sediment particle size and P_Total data with soil catchment geochemical survey data, large increases in P_Total were identified in sediments from water body 4–6, where median concentrations of P_Total in the sediment (3603 mg kg⁻¹) were up to double those of the catchment soils. A large proportion of this increase may be related to in-stream sorption of P, particularly from sewage treatment facilities where the catchment becomes more urbanised after water body 3. A linear correlation (r = 0.8) between soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) and Boron in the sampled river waters was found suggesting increased STW input in water bodies 4–6.P_Labile concentrations in homogenised cores were up to 100 mg kg⁻¹ PO₄–P (generally < 2% of P_Total) and showed a general increase with distance from the headwaters. A general increase in Equilibrium Phosphate Concentrations (EPC₀) from an average of 0.9–∼1.7 μm L⁻¹ was found between water bodies 1–3 and 4–6. Fixation within oxalate extractable phases (Al, Fe and Mn) accounted for ∼90% of P binding in water bodies 4–6, but only between 31 and 74% in water bodies 1–3. Statistical models predicting P_Total (R² = 0.78), oxalate extractable P (R² = 0.78) and Olsen P (R² = 0.73) concentrations in river sediments identified Mn oxy-hydroxides (MnO_x) as a strong predictive variable along with the location within the river system. It is suggested that MnO_x within model predictions is identifying a pool of mixed Fe–Mn oxy-hydroxides (MnO_x–FeOOH) or Fe oxy-hydroxide (FeOOH) from the wider Fe_Oxalate pool that are particularly effective at sorbing and fixing P. The findings demonstrate how sediment and P may accumulate along a 100 km non-tidal river system, the extent to which a range of processes can fix P within mineral phases and how natural flooding processes may flush sediment from the river channel. The processes identified in this study are likely to be applicable to similar river systems over their non-tidal water bodies in eastern England.