Large Aperture Scintillometer Used Over A Homogeneous Irrigated Area, Partly Affected By Regional Advection

Scintillometer measurements were collected over an irrigated wheat field ina semi-arid region in northwest Mexico. Conditions were unstable in the morning andstable during the afternoon, while latent heat fluxes remained high throughout the day.Regional advection was observed during near-neutral conditions. Monin–Obukhovsimilarity relationships for the structure parameter of temperature were verified in both unstable and stable conditions, but were violated close to near-neutral conditions. We found that, using additional measurements of radiation, soil heat flux and windspeed, areally averages of both sensible and latent heat fluxes can be reliably predicted by large aperture scintillometer measurements, as long as the net radiation is greater than zero.     

Approaches to Semantic Similarity Measurement for Geo-Spatial Data: A Survey

Semantic similarity is central for the functioning of semantically enabled processing of geospatial data. It is used to measure the degree of potential semantic interoperability between data or different geographic information systems (GIS). Similarity is essential for dealing with vague data queries, vague concepts or natural language and is the basis for semantic information retrieval and integration. The choice of similarity measurement influences strongly the conceptual design and the functionality of a GIS. The goal of this article is to provide a survey presentation on theories of semantic similarity measurement and review how these approaches – originally developed as psychological models to explain human similarity judgment – can be used in geographic information science. According to their knowledge representation and notion of similarity we classify existing similarity measures in geometric, feature, network, alignment and transformational models. The article reviews each of these models and outlines its notion of similarity and metric properties. Afterwards, we evaluate the semantic similarity models with respect to the requirements for semantic similarity measurement between geospatial data. The article concludes by comparing the similarity measures and giving general advice how to choose an appropriate semantic similarity measure. Advantages and disadvantages point to their suitability for different tasks.     

Determining Semantic Similarity of Behaviour Using Natural Semantic Metalanguage to Match User Objectives to Available Web Services

Natural Semantic Metalanguage specifies a set of semantic primitives identified by linguists since the 1970s as being present in all analysed languages and not capable of further reduction. In this article, the 63 semantic primitives are used to define the semantics of user objectives and web services in the form of semantic explications, which are then compared to determine whether the web services are likely to be helpful in meeting the user objective. The comparison of the user objectives and web services is a two stage process. Firstly, the content is compared by classifying the semantic primitives from the candidate web service and user objective on the basis of whether the primitives are common or similar. On the basis of these classifications, the percentage match and semantic relationship (subset, superset, overlaps, disjoint, identical) are determined. Secondly, the order of the semantic primitives is compared and the edit distance determined as a measure of semantic similarity. The method is tested using two examples: a comparison of spatial relations and a comparison of a user objective and three geospatial web services. The results show that the method is able to determine which concepts are broadly semantically similar and which are not.     

一种改进的基于事件-过程的时态模型研究

针对当前基于事件时态模型研究的现状和存在的问题,从时空语义表达的目的和要求出发,提出了一种改进的基于事件-过程的时态模型(event-process based spatio-temporal model,E-PSTM),将事件进一步细分为若干过程的组成;采用面向对象的方法进行了模型的逻辑设计。通过模型在地籍变更系统的应用,证明其可方便地实现对土地登记事件和空间变迁过程语义的查询。     

Application of a regionalized Clark IUH model with limited hydrologic data availability

To aid prediction of the flow hydrograph in a basin with limited data, a practical approach to determining a regionalized Clark instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) model is presented. The proposed model is described in terms of the synthetic time–area concentration curve, the concentration time, and a special regional similarity value that is valid in the whole basin. The latter was estimated from a Monte Carlo testing procedure based on the normal probability distribution of transformed regional similarity values composed of the time of concentration and the storage coefficient in gauged basins. The time–area concentration curve and the concentration time were calculated from a rational equation as in conventional methods. The method of transformation adopted was the Box–Cox power transformation, which is known to make non‐normal values resemble normal data. By introducing the regional similarity value into a Clark IUH, a statistically best estimate of IUH for given data conditions and its quantified degree of uncertainty were realized. The Wi River basin in Korea was used to test the applicability of the regionalized Clark IUH. The performance of the suggested methodology was evaluated by assuming an ungauged sub‐basin at the site. The results showed that the IUH model developed in this work was an effective tool, predicting a reliable hydrograph within the study area even though only limited data were available. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气候变化对中国古代财政平衡的影响

以当代历史和经济史著作为资料,建立与历朝财政盈亏状态相关词汇的语义分级标准,重建了中国自秦朝至清末（220 BC~1910 AD）10 a分辨率的财政等级序列,并分析其与气候变化的关系。结果表明,秦朝至清末的财政平衡大体经历了4个相对充裕阶段（220 BC~31 BC,441~760 AD,961~1210 AD,1381~1910 AD）和3个相对匮乏阶段（30 BC~440 AD,761~960 AD,1211~1380 AD）。财政危机在寒冷-干旱的气候背景下爆发的可能性最大。财政平衡与温度和降水变化均成正相关,财政平衡的趋势性变化受长期的温度和降水变化影响较为明显。但受多因素的复杂反馈环节影响,两者在某些时段呈现反相位关系。     

地理信息服务语义标注原理与关键技术及应用

随着地理信息服务应用领域和受众群体的日益广泛,人们对地理信息服务的需求越来越多元化。一方面网络上注册和发布的地理信息服务的数量急剧增长;另一方面人们对如何高效发现兴趣服务、组合兴趣服务以满足兴趣需要却常感到困惑。当前,用户只能通过关键字搜索并结合空间过滤条件查询OGC(Open Geospatial Consortium)的目录服务,来发现所需的数据和服务。用户在受益于目录服务带来的资源搜索便捷的同时,经常受到查全率和查准率不高的困扰。面对日益庞大的服务群,如何自动、快速、准确地发现目标服务,成为影响地理信息服务进一步发展与应用的瓶颈。本文围绕地理信息服务语义标注原理方法与关键技术展开研究,通过引入信息检索技术和语义网技术、语义服务技术,从面向地理信息服务语义标注的本体建模、基于地理概念匹配的语义标注算法、融合相似性度量与包含性推理的语义匹配与服务发现,以及语义标注和服务匹配质量评价方法4个方面进行了深入研究。针对地理概念半自动语义标注新算法、地理信息服务语义发现与匹配方法、服务语义标注和服务匹配质量评价、应用试验等具体研究内容进行了实验设计,并给出了需解决的核心问题,为当前地理信息服务匹配方法提供了新思路。     

Ground surface response induced by shallow buried explosions

Based on the spherical cavity expansion theory in the elastic half space,the ground surface movement characteristics of shallowly buried explosions are analyzed.The results show that the induced seismic wave is a longitudinal wave in the near zone and a Rayleigh wave in the far zone.The maximum displacement(velocity) of the longitudinal wave and the Rayleigh wave are inversely proportional to the scaled distance,and can be described by exponential function with exponents equal to 1.4 and 0.5,respectively.The vibration frequencies of the waves have almost no change.The vibration frequency of the longitudinal wave approximates the natural vibration frequency of the cavity in the broken area,and the vibration frequency of the Rayleigh wave is about half that of the longitudinal wave.On the same reduced buried depth and reduced distance,the particle displacement is directly proportional to the product of the boundary loading and cavity radius,and is inversely proportional to the transversal wave velocity.Meanwhile,the particle velocity is directly proportional to the boundary loading and inversely proportional to the wave velocity ratio.In the far zone,the buried depth of the explosive only has a slight effect on the longitudinal wave,but has a larger effect on the Rayleigh wave.     

基于相似变换法的CGCS2000骨架网精化

利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件,分别采用相似变换法和强约束法对扩展后的260个CGCS2000骨架网点的GNSS观测数据进行处理。按照3种方案进行平差获得站点在ITRF2008框架下的坐标,结果得出,使用强约束法时,起算数据的约束不同会引起定位结果的差异,不恰当的约束会造成精度的降低;相似变换法可以避免不恰当的约束引起的网的变形和扭曲,且可靠性更高,其平均中误差优于1 mm。     

山东棉花引种的农业气候相似诊断分析

根据农业气候相似性原理，用聚类判别法筛选相似要素及其权重系数，以修正的欧氏距离系数为定量指标，进行平均气候条件下棉花引种的农业气候相似诊断分析，分别得出了山东省春棉，夏棉引种的国内外适宜和次适宜区。