语义驱动的层次化地图符号设计方法

地图符号是地图学的重要组成部分。当前有关地图符号的研究,主体均集中在地图符号的视觉图形方面,而对地图符号的概念语义缺乏足够的重视。本文提出了一种语义驱动的层次化地图符号设计方法,即以语义关系作为符号图形构造的基准,通过语义关系控制地图符号的图形构成,以充分发掘地图符号的概念语义成分在符号设计中的内在价值。重点论述了本体层次的语义特征提取、符素设计、聚合语义结构建模和语义驱动的符号生成4个关键步骤。利用本文符号设计方法对现有符号标准进行改进设计和认知实验。结果表明,该方法在符号认识效率方面表现较优,且在模拟信息传输过程中体现了较为稳定的高传输效率,具备有效提升地图符号的信息感知效率的潜力。     

基于本体的网络地理空间数据集成

 随着地理数据深度、广度和复杂度的不断增加,如何集成这些在结构、语法及语义上高度异质性的需求越来越迫切。尽管XML在一定程度上解决了结构异质性问题,OGC标准规范解决了语法异质性问题,但语义异质性问题仍然成为分布式环境下地理空间数据集成与互操作的最大障碍。本文提出了一种基于本体的网络地理空间数据集成方法:以本体思想对数据进行语义组织;结合OGC网络服务标准规范对数据进行服务语义发布;利用支持双向映射的混合本体模式来解决全局本体与各应用本体之间的冲突,实现数据的语义集成。通过海洋海岸带土地利用数据集成试验表明,本文方法不仅能够克服数据间语义异质性问题,并在很大程度上屏蔽了数据底层集成的复杂环节,使得数据集成过程简单、高效。     

基于直觉模糊推理的信任等级评估

信任关系的不确定性是信任评估和可信赖性预测的最大挑战,针对该问题,将具有良好语义表述和推理能力的直觉模糊理论用于描述信任关系的不确定性,提出一种基于直觉模糊推理的信任评估方法。首先,确定了基于直觉模糊推理进行信任等级评估的基本原理,选取了主体提供服务的能力、请求服务的数量、传播速度、评价和关注度等5个分析模式;然后对这5个模式进行归一量化和模糊化,建立直觉模糊推理规则,进行信任等级推理。实验结果表明,该方法能够比较准确的评估出主体的信任等级,与专家经验基本吻合。     

基于规则的位置地图情境推理构建与实例分析

情境在移动位置服务领域起到融合多源时空数据、模拟地图使用情形及获取用户空间需求的作用。根据作者早期建立的位置地图情境模型,本文基于活动理论构建了位置地图情境三层推理规则,重点描述其基本原理与方法;通过形式化表达将情境推理的结果与位置地图表达联系起来,形成三层推理规则的解析与运行流程;以用户去机场登机为例,假设2种不同情形,验证5种情境事例。实验结果表明,本文的情境推理方法简洁、可操作性强,为进一步研究智能化地图服务提供参考和借鉴。     

铁路隧道火灾中烟气逆流层长度的研究

以狮子洋隧道为工程背景,对不同火源热释放速率、不同通风风速、不同坡度及不同断面当量直径情况下的火灾进行了数值模拟。分析了隧道烟气逆流层长度的变化规律,并对模拟数据进行了拟合。结果表明,隧道烟气逆流层长度与通风风速、火源热释放速率、隧道断面当量直径的自然对数值拟合均符合直线关系,呈递增或递减变化;坡度对烟气逆流层长度的影响随通风风速的增大而减弱。在分析烟气逆流层长度变化规律的基础上,建立了烟气逆流层长度与火源热释放速率、通风风速及断面当量直径的关系式,通过对数据拟合获得了烟气逆流层长度公式,该公式推导合理,并有所创新。     

证据推理的遥感图像分类方法与应用

遥感图像分类一直是遥感研究领域的核心问题。然而,传统遥感分类方法在地物复杂地区不能取得满意效果。不但分类精度不够理想,分类灵活性也存在不足。本文尝试引入证据推理"软"分类方法,选择小兴安岭山区一景TM遥感图像,基于用户知识和经验,通过人机交互处理,以累计信任度(CBV)最大为划分像元归类的原则得到证据推理方法的分类图像。结果表明,整体分类精度从最大似然法的78.74%提高到82.28%,kappa系数从0.67提高到0.71。但该方法对于裸地分类精度不高,通过人为设定各类别CBV阈值的方法,获得了人为干预的证据推理方法分类图,其整体分类精度达到了87.80%,kappa系数也达到了0.81,所有类别的生产者和用户精度相比于最大似然法都有提高。研究表明,证据推理方法在遥感分类精度和分类灵活性方面都具有优越性。     

地理空间数据本质特征语义相关度计算模型

关联数据是跨网域整合多源异构地理空间数据的有效方式,语义丰富的关联是准确、快速发现目标数据的关键。根据地理空间数据在空间、时间、内容上的语义关系,提出地理空间数据本质特征语义相关度计算模型。通过构建本质特征的关联指标体系,分层次逐级计算地理空间数据的语义相关度。与传统的语义相关度计算方式不同,以地理元数据为语料库,充分考虑地理空间数据的特点及空间、时间、内容在检索中不同的重要程度,分别采用几何运算、数值运算、词语语义相似度计算和类别层次相关度计算的方式,构建地理空间数据的语义相关度计算模型。该模型具有构建简单、适用于多源异构数据、充分结合了数学运算和专家经验知识等特点。实验表明：模型能够有效地计算地理空间数据本质特征的语义相关度,并具备一定的扩展性。     

Data structures for three-dimensional spatial information systems in geology

Abstract

The accumulation of geological information in digital form, due to modern exploration methods, has introduced the possibility of applying geographical information system technology to the field of geology. To achieve the benefits in information management and in data analysis and interpretation, however, it will be necessary to develop spatial models and associated data structures which are specifically designed for working in three dimensions. Some progress in this direction has already been demonstrated, with the application of octree spatial subdivision techniques to the storage of uniform volume elements representing mineral properties. By imposing octree tessellations on more precisely-defined geometric data, such as triangulated surfaces and polygon line segments, it may now be possible to combine efficient spatial addressing with topologically-coded boundary representations of geological strata. The development of storage schemes capable of representing such geological boundary models at different scales poses a particular problem, a possible solution to which may be by means of hierarchical classification of the vertices of triangulated surfaces according to shape contribution.     

Watermarking of digital geospatial datasets: a review of technical,legal and copyright issues

Gathering data accounts for more than 80% of the cost of any GIS project. Fast Internet connections and digital datasets threaten the investments of data producers through data piracy. Outside the GIS community this problem has been known for a long time, and possible solutions exist for digital imagery, formatted text, 3D meshes and so on, showing possible links to typical spatial data. This is largely achieved through embedding hidden information in a dataset without producing perceptible changes in the data, a process known as watermarking. The producer can recover the embedded information on request in order to produce evidence of ownership in a court, so the overall strategy relies on a legal basis rather than technical ones. This paper analyses the state-of-the-art for watermarking protection in digital geographical datasets. Digital imagery is demonstrably a more mature area than geographical information, even with multiple commercial vendors offering watermarking protection. 2D vector and point datasets have received less attention from the research community; however, 3D meshes have been considered by the CAD community and a handful of techniques are available for that case, and they are reviewed here.     

Directed movements in probabilistic time geography

This article studies probabilistic time geography for space–time prisms, that is, for situations where observers know the location of an agent at one time and then again at another time. In the intervening period, the agent would have moved freely, according to its time budget. The article demonstrates that the probability of finding the agent somewhere in the space–time prism is not equally distributed, so any attempt of a quantitative time geographic analysis must consider the actual probability distribution. This article develops, implements, and demonstrates this distribution. A preceding article introduced probabilistic time geography for space–time cones. With cones and prisms, the elementary space–time volumes of time geography are provided.