三维框架控制扫描技术在特大型JRC塑石工程审计中的创新应用研究

中小型不规则物体逆向建模是三维激光扫描技术一个主要的应用方向,广泛用于产品外观设计及制造。但针对特大型JRC塑石工程,由于误差积累等主要因素,制约着三维激光扫描技术的应用。该文提出三维框架控制扫描方案,在国内率先实现了特大型JRC塑石工程高精度特征统计,并成功应用于山东东营某动物园特大型JRC塑石工程审计,为防止国有资产的流失提供了客观、有效的先进手段,具有较好的借鉴及实用价值。     

基于对象存储的分布式GIS数据安全机制

根据OSD-2标准,提出一种安全机制来保证基于对象存储的分布式GIS空间数据的安全。在本安全机制中,采用的安全模型是基于信任状的访问控制系统,主要由OSD设备、安全管理器、策略/存储管理器和GIS服务器组成。该安全机制主要包含3个协议:GIS服务器-安全管理器协议、安全管理器-OSD设备协议和GIS服务器-OSD设备协议。命令的传输和数据的访问都要进行认证。这3个协议有效预防了各种网络攻击手段的攻击,保证了分布式GIS空间数据的安全共享。     

A “precariously unprepared” Pentagon? Climate security beliefs and decision-making in the U.S. military

Increasing evidence suggests that climate change poses direct and indirect threats to national and human security. However, the degree to which such knowledge of the risks informs decision-making remains poorly understood for key security communities, including the U.S. Department of Defense. Here, through document analysis and interviews with climate security researchers and practitioners from the U.S. military community, we evaluate perceptions about and the degree to which (i) these individuals believe climate change is a threat to U.S. national security interests, and (ii) the U.S. Department of Defense integrates climate security science into its decision-making. Our research suggests a complex answer. Public statements and reports indicate U.S. Department of Defense leadership considers climate change a security threat of strategic importance, and most researchers interviewed believe the U.S. Department of Defense prioritizes climate security as a near-term threat. However, evidence of climate security threats is only selectively integrated into planning and decision-making. Interviews suggest several barriers and enablers to evidence-based decision-making within the U.S. Department of Defense. Barriers include mixed beliefs in the near-term urgency of the threat, changing political environments, and insufficient co-production of actionable science across the levels of war, including issues of data collection, sharing, and analysis. Enablers include increased awareness after climate-related impacts, strong leadership support, and knowledge transfer and convening forums. Improved insight into the production and use of climate security knowledge is crucial for the task of safeguarding human and national security in a changing climate.     

Conceptualising the Migration–Food Security Nexus: Lessons from Nepal and Vanuatu

In the past decade, international development practitioners have increasingly argued that migration improves the food security of households at origin, by providing the capital necessary for agricultural intensification or food purchase. These debates have occurred largely in isolation from a discussion of the values that underpin food production and consumption in the communities that migrants call home. We question the assumption that a shift from an agricultural-based economy to an economy based on remittances increases the ability of communities to secure access to food in the face of rapid economic and cultural change. In this paper, we present two independently conducted studies from Nepal and Vanuatu that investigate the impact of out-migration on local perceptions of agricultural and residential land and the meaning given to food security. Our data reveal that the value changes associated with large-scale out-migration have the potential to make the agricultural sector at origin more vulnerable, unproductive, unsustainable or unattractive, leaving a longer-term impact on food security. We offer some reflections on the implications of these findings for the structure of the migration–food security nexus.     

基于MODIS数据的中国耕地高中低产田空间分布格局

人口的持续增长和食物消费水平的快速提升使得中国粮食自给问题越发受到关注。后备土地资源补给能力的不足和城市化过程对优质耕地的占用使得耕地资源"开源"和"节流"均存在一定困难,因此,提高耕地资源利用效率、提升耕地生产能力成为当前中国农业发展的根本策略,清晰地掌握全国高中低产田在空间上的分布区域成为国家中低产田改造与高标准农田建设规划的必要前提。本研究应用空间分辨率500 m的MODIS遥感数据和光能利用率模型,在空间上清晰地估算现实农田生产力的基础上,结合高分辨率的耕地分布数据和耕作制度区划信息,探索新的高中低产田划分方法,掌握中国高中低产田的空间分布格局。该方法既能够体现耕地资源条件的区域分异规律,也能表达耕地现实生产能力的空间差异性,并且有效克服了利用统计数据进行高中低产田划分时以县为统计单元导致的县内高中低产田格局不明确的问题。基于该方法划分的高中低产田分别占全国耕地面积的20.66%、39.56%以及39.78%。其中,低产田约有3/4分布于丘陵山地区;高产田则53%分布于平原区。高产田面积最大的五个省均位于黄淮海区域内,其面积总和占全国高产田面积的41.75%。耕地面积位列全国前三的黑龙江省、四川省和内蒙古自治区其高产田面积占比均不足15%。     

芦山地震灾后重建地区土地资源安全评价

地震灾后恢复重建的土地资源安全评价是资源环境承载能力评价的基础性工作之一,为灾后恢复重建工作的开展提供科学依据。针对灾后重建地区土地资源安全评价的特殊性,本文以芦山地震灾后重建地区为例,综合考虑地质条件与灾害危险性、水土资源条件、生态环境等3大类要素及8个评价因子,构建了芦山地震灾后重建地区土地资源安全评价模型,并利用GIS空间分析方法对栅格单元和行政单元的土地资源安全进行了评价和分级。结果表明:属于安全类的土地面积为2409.30 km2,占灾区土地总面积的5.63%,主要分布于灾区东部的山前平原区,这类区域应该被视为灾后重建选址的首选区域,较安全类可以作为安全类区域的补充选择,而一般安全类在作为灾后重建选址的备选区域时应做好充分的防护措施;灾区21县中仅有6个县的土地资源安全指数大于0.60,它们均位于灾区东部的山前平原区;在属于极重灾区和重灾区的6县中,只有名山区具有较高的土地资源安全指数(0.76),可重建土地面积为468.33 km2,且其人均可重建土地面积也相对较高,应作为极重灾区和重灾区灾后异地重建进行大规模人口集聚、城市建设和产业发展的首选区域。本研究提出的评价模型适应于具有同类地质灾害的研究区域,也可以为具有相似地质、地形和资源环境条件的区域开展研究提供参考。     

Bio-cultural refugia—Safeguarding diversity of practices for food security and biodiversity

Food security for a growing world population is high on the list of grand sustainability challenges, as is reducing the pace of biodiversity loss in landscapes of food production. Here we shed new insights on areas that harbor place specific social memories related to food security and stewardship of biodiversity. We call them bio-cultural refugia. Our goals are to illuminate how bio-cultural refugia store, revive and transmit memory of agricultural biodiversity and ecosystem services, and how such social memories are carried forward between people and across cohorts. We discuss the functions of such refugia for addressing the twin goals of food security and biodiversity conservation in landscapes of food production. The methodological approach is first of its kind in combining the discourses on food security, social memory and biodiversity management. We find that the rich biodiversity of many regionally distinct cultural landscapes has been maintained through a mosaic of management practices that have co-evolved in relation to local environmental fluctuations, and that such practices are carried forward by both biophysical and social features in bio-cultural refugia including; genotypes, artifacts, written accounts, as well as embodied rituals, art, oral traditions and self-organized systems of rules. Combined these structure a diverse portfolio of practices that result in genetic reservoirs—source areas—for the wide array of species, which in interplay produce vital ecosystem services, needed for future food security related to environmental uncertainties, volatile financial markets and large scale conflicts. In Europe, processes related to the large-scale industrialization of agriculture threaten such bio-cultural refugia. The paper highlights that the dual goals to reduce pressures from modern agriculture on biodiversity, while maintaining food security, entails more extensive collaboration with farmers oriented toward ecologically sound practices.     

海湾扇贝体内重金属含量研究

采用用微波消解对海湾扇贝样品进行处理,用原子吸收光谱仪测定海湾扇贝合组织中重金属Pd、Cu、Cd、Zn的含量,对重金属含量进行评价,并对海湾扇贝养殖水体进行同步监测。结果表明:Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn在海湾扇贝各组织中的含量不同,Pb、Cu、Cd在内脏中含量最高,Zn在扇贝柱中含量最高,与标准值相比,Pb、Cu在各组织中的含量均符合标准,而Cd在除体液外各组织部位中的含量均超过《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》规定的1.0mg/kg标准值,而海湾扇贝养殖水体及沉积物中重金属含量均符合一类海水水质标准。     

China’s potential of grain production due to changes in agricultural land utilization in recent years

The changes in utilization of agricultural land have gradually grown into one of the major factors impacting grain output in China. This study explores the various components of agricultural production in China from the land utilization perspective, involving changes in grain production per unit area, multi-cropping index, and adjustment of agricultural structure. Compared with the record values, different research methodologies are used to analyze the potential of above three components. The results indicate that grain production potential of 65.68×109kg was unexploited in 2006, in which 45.8×109kg came from the restructuring in agriculture. So we can infer that the reduction of grain production in China could be primarily attributed to agricultural restructuring in recent years. So the productive potential can be fully restored by increasing agricultural investment, or recovering agricultural structure in favorable conditions. So we can say that China's current condition of food security is good.     

Ecological Effects of Remote Smallsand Descending on Urban Area: Deduced from the "Mud- Snow" in Changchun City

A serious sandstorm occurred in North China from April 5 to April 7, 2000, while the remote smallsand decending took place in even larger area to the far northeast China. In Chanchun city, smallsand descending with snow provides the best samples to conduct a quantitative research on the possible impacts of city- ecology. In the 253km2 urban district area of Changchun city, smallsands accumulated up to more than 3000t on April 7, according to the calculation of four "mud- snow" samples. After naturally melting in room temperature, two samples are taken to do quarantine of "invasion bacteria". As a preliminary result, the individual amount of bacterium in 1 ml sample water is up to 8.9 × 104 or 1.05 × 105, and it is estimated that there are 640 million "invasion bacterium" individuals in one square meter. This study proves that other than the obvious environmental effects of sandstorm, the urban micro- ecosystem is very possible under threat by the "invasion bacterium" accompanied by remote descending smallsand.