非线性函数空间平差方程的解法及其特征

非线性函数空间的测量数据处理问题是测量数据处理理论研究中的前沿课题之一，其宗旨是不对非线性函数作线性化处理而直接在非线性函数空间进行误差议程或目标函数的非线性解算，文中给出了两种参估计准则下的非线性目标函数，讨论了目标函数的常和算法－迭代法。在此基础上提出非线性函数空间目标函数的最优算法－不依赖函数导数的多维轮环搜索法和基于差分理论的迭代算法。     

共轭方向直接法及其收敛性

本文给出一种新的直接法，构造一组特定的共轭方向，使其只需沿一个方向进行一维搜索，比通常的共轭方向法节省了许多一维搜索的工作量，从数值计算上看，迭代次数较Ｐｏｗｅｌｌ法有明显减少。     

Improving Numerical Weather Prediction in Low Latitudes by Optimizing Diffusion Coefficients

The horizontal diffusion coefficients of the operational model (T42L9) in numerical weather prediction are optimized by the steepest descent search of multi-dimensional optimization. In order to improve prediction accuracy in low latitudes, the optimum horizontal diffusion coefficients are chosen, with changing variation of the basic diffusion coefficient with the passage of time, and later forecasts are also made better. In view of the averages of forecast verifications of 9 cases, the forecasts with optimum diffusion coefficients are an improvement on operational forecasts. It means that the forecasts are got much better with optimum values of some important parameters by optimization in numerical weather prediction.     

Ethnicity,Housing Search,and the Role of the Real Estate Agent: A Study of Portuguese and Non-Portuguese Real Estate Agents in Toronto*

This study concerns the behavior and practices of real estate agents in the housing search process. The research investigates whether the information provided and houses recommended by agents working for Portuguese firms differ from the recommendations of agents working for firms owned by non-Portuguese brokers in the cities of Toronto and Mississauga (a western suburb of Toronto), Canada. Data for the study were obtained from a participant observation study of a sample of real estate agents. Empirical evidence indicates that the ethnicity of real estate agents (Portuguese versus non-Portuguese) and the brokers for whom they work (Portuguese-owned firms versus non-Portuguese-owned firms) determine to a considerable extent the marketing strategies of agents and the neighborhoods they recommend.     

Inversion of potential field data

The problem of inversion of potential field data is a challenging one because of the difficulty in obtaining a unique solution. This paper identifies various types of nonuniqueness and argues that it is neither possible nor necessary to remove all categories of nonuniqueness. Some types of nonuniqueness are due to human limitations and choice and these would always persist. Listing all the solutions, imposing additional constraints on the acceptable solutions, a priori idealization, use of a priori or supplementary information, characterizing what is common to all the solutions, obtaining extremal solutions, seeking a distribution of all possible solutions, etc. are various responses in the face of nonuniqueness. It is shown that merely the form of nonuniqueness is changed by all these techniques. Some algorithms, which should be used to obtain the global minimum of the objective function are discussed. The conceptual commonality underlying seemingly different approaches and the possibility of nonunique interpretations of the same numerical results due to different axiomatic contexts are both elucidated.     

基于三方向搜索的DEM中洼地处理方法

数字高程模型(DEM)是流域参数提取的基础,然而DEM中普遍存在的洼地和平地影响了流域水系的自动提取,因此洼地去除方法成为研究的热点。针对现有洼地去处方法存在的问题,提出了一种基于"三方向搜索"的洼地处理方法。该方法通过对洼地及其周围网格高程值增减来达到去除洼地的目的,避免了传统填洼方法大规模的对DEM进行增高处理。实验结果表明,该算法简单易行,能有效的去除洼地,消除DEM提取的河网中的伪河道及"平行线"现象;且对DEM中高程值的改动较小,从而较大限度的保留了原始地形信息。     

基于网格搜索法优化支持向量机的围岩稳定性分类模型

为科学评价围岩稳定性,本次研究借助支持向量机(SVM)处理小样本、非线性问题能力强的特性,对围岩的稳定性进行了分类。选取16组围岩数据作为学习样本,以岩石质量指标、岩石单轴饱和抗压强度、完整性系数、结构面强度系数和地下水渗水量5个指标作为模型输入,围岩稳定程度为模型输出,建立了基于支持向量机的围岩稳定性分类模型。为增强模型的推广性能,提高其预测准确率,运用改进的网格搜索方法(GSM)寻找最优的支持向量机参数,并对8组围岩数据进行预测,并同BP神经网络模型的预测结果进行对比。结果表明,建立的GSM-SVM模型对预测样本的评判结果与实际结果一致,其预测精度较BP神经网络有很大的提升。     

伊朗巴姆地震中的国际救援情况

介绍了伊朗巴姆地震后伊朗国内及国际应急响应、联合国灾害评估与协调队(UNDAC)及其现场协调中心在灾区进行的国际搜救协调行动,介绍了前往巴姆地震灾区救援的各国国际救援队的情况。最后给出了巴姆地震灾害所提示的在紧急救援及震害防御方面的问题。     

联合国召开伊朗巴姆地震/摩洛哥地震救援总结大会

为了总结在伊朗巴姆地震和摩洛哥地震救援工作中存在的问题和经验教训,联合国人道主义事务办公室(OCHA)于2004年4月27—29日在突尼斯召开了“伊朗巴姆地震／摩洛哥地震救援经验总结会议暨国际搜救咨询团(INSARAG)欧非地区会议”。参加过两次救援行动的部分国家的代表、伊朗及摩洛哥政府代表等91人参加了本次会议。本文介绍了会议的主要问题和形成的主要结论。主要问题包括灾害的预警、动员与部署;城镇搜救队的现场协调;城镇搜救队的搜救行动及其INSARAG指南的运用;其他国际救援组织及其与城镇搜救队的相互作用、国际社团内的信息管理4个方面。最后针对我国的国际地震救援工作提出了一些建议。