ArcGIS、MapGIS与Surfer软件联合构建三维地形及其可视化

由于Surfer软件在构建等值线图及实现三维可视化方面具有操作简单、图形美观等优势;ArcGIS具有强大的空间数据处理功能;MapGIS在图形编辑方面操作灵活,将三者的优势结合起来,联合构建了三维地形并实现了其可视化,同时按照给定的边界对三维地形图进行了裁剪。     

煤矿地质测量部门设计和开发的软件系统——地质测量信息系统（MSGIS2.5）

介绍一种专为煤矿地质测量部门设计和开发的软件系统——地质测量信息系统（MSGIS2.5）,着重介绍其专地质测量论文资料业CAD系统的系统结构、3D地质测量模型和地质测量图形的自动处理技术。     

基于GIS的电话号线系统图形管理模式研究与应用

在已有的MIS系统中添加GIS功能一直是GIS技术发展中备受关注的课题 ,本文主要研究在传统的号线MIS系统中增加GIS功能的方法———创建电子地图 ,其中实现的关键是图形系统与MIS系统的功能交互。文中以南京六朝号线系统为例对该方法的实现过程进行了详细的论述 ,包括体系结构 ,技术路线 ,功能框架等。GIS的强大的地图显示和查询功能与号线线路的自身特点相结合 ,应用于南京六朝号线管理系统中 ,取得了良好的社会效益。     

基于时空一体化的规划编制管理平台研究——以珠海市为例

随着城市的快速发展和GIS技术的进步,如何利用信息技术手段为现代城市规划管理提供支撑,实现城市管理全过程的图文一体化、二三维一体化、时空一体化,提升城市管理效能成为城市管理者迫切需要解决的问题。本文以数据资源整合为切入点,综合利用现有的信息技术,提出时空图文二三维一体化的基本思路和关键技术,通过珠海规划编制管理平台验证效果良好,为其他城市规划数字化管理提供借鉴和启发。     

Numerical simulation of tsunamis — Its present and near future

Hindcasting of a tsunami by numerical simulations is a process of lengthy and complicated deductions, knowing only the final results such as run-up heights and tide records, both of which are possibly biased due to an insufficient number of records and due to hydraulic and mechanical limitation of tide gauges. There are many sources of error. The initial profile, determined with seismic data, can even be different from the actual tsunami profile. The numerical scheme introduces errors. Nonlinearity near and on land requires an appropriate selection of equations. Taking these facts into account, it should be noted that numerical simulations produce satisfactory information for practical use, because the final error is usually within 15% as far as the maximum run-up height is concerned.The state-of-the-art of tsunami numerical simulations is critically summarized from generation to run-up. Problems in the near future are also stated. Fruitful application of computer graphics is suggested.     

Toward green cartography & visualization: a semantically-enriched method of generating energy-aware color schemes for digital maps

ABSTRACT

We introduce a semantically-enriched method of generating color schemes for various types of digital maps that reduces the energy consumption of the display device while preserving the quality of the original design. Energy-aware design intersects two important trends in cartography. First, as more maps are viewed today on mobile, battery life has become a central constraint influencing design. Second, there is increasing need for green computing, which encourages the efficient use of energy to limit environmental impacts. This paper focuses on one important aspect of energy-aware cartography: color design. Existing research on energy-aware color adjustment methods apply broadly to images or websites. However, the colors used in maps have more structured semantic relationships than most documents viewed on mobile devices, and efforts to account for these relationships while reducing energy consumption are limited. To fill this gap, we mathematically formalize energy-aware map-color adjustment as a constrained optimization problem: we define energy consumption as the objective function and model the preservation of semantic relationships as the search constraints. We evaluate our proposed method against a common color dimming method using four maps with different semantic relationships. The evaluation suggests that our proposed method better preserves the original color semantics.     

数字专门构造图件编制方法

数字专门构造图件的编制方法,是数字区域地质调查中新的研究课题.它的编制方法与传统方法相比大不相同.根据近几年来数字区域地质调查实践的经验,对数字专门构造图件--构造纲要图、构造形面图、构造图和数字构造剖面图编绘的流程、方法和注意事项提出了工作建议.     

专题图形库信息定量研究方法

本文以作者建立和科尔沁典型沙区专题图形库为例，对利用库信息进行沙漠化定量研究的图形方法进行了系列探讨，设计了可用于沙漠化定量研究的专题分析软件，并对该区的沙漠化现状进行了示例性研究。     

Statistical considerations for grain-size analyses of tills

Relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay from samples of the same till unit are not identical because of different lithologies in the source areas, sorting in transport, random variation, and experimental error. Random variation and experimental error can be isolated from the other two as follows. For each particle-size class of each till unit, a standard population is determined by using a normally distributed, representative group of data. New measurements are compared with the standard population and, if they compare satisfactorily, the experimental error is not significant and random variation is within the expected range for the population. The outcome of the comparison depends on numerical criteria derived from a graphical method rather than on a more commonly used one-way analysis of variance with two treatments. If the number of samples and the standard deviation of the standard population are substituted in at-test equation, a family of hyperbolas is generated, each of which corresponds to a specific number of subsamples taken from each new sample. The axes of the graphs of the hyperbolas are the standard deviation of new measurements (horizontal axis) and the difference between the means of the new measurements and the standard population (vertical axis). The area between the two branches of each hyperbola corresponds to a satisfactory comparison between the new measurements and the standard population. Measurements from a new sample can be tested by plotting their standard deviation vs. difference in means on axes containing a hyperbola corresponding to the specific number of subsamples used. If the point lies between the branches of the hyperbola, the measurements are considered reliable. But if the point lies outside this region, the measurements are repeated. Because the critical segment of the hyperbola is approximately a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis, the test is simplified to a comparison between the means of the standard population and the means of the subsample. The minimum number of subsamples required to prove significant variation between samples caused by different lithologies in the source areas and sorting in transport can be determined directly from the graphical method. The minimum number of subsamples required is the maximum number to be run for economy of effort.     

AUTOMATED GEOGRAPHY

Analytical methods and computer technology for spatial analysis have advanced rapidly. Geographers can now consider a general form of automated geography which integrates all of the new techniques into an analytical whole. Computer cartography, computer graphics, digital remote sensing, geographic information systems, spatial statistics, and quantitative spatial modeling can be combined eclectically with traditional manual techniques to address geographic problems that are too large and complex for manual treatment alone. Small systems are widely available to facilitate small, less complex problems. Automation can assist in all forms of geography—scientific and humanistic, nomothetic and idiographic, basic and applied—but its adoption is likely to be highest among applied scientists. The immediate challenge is to prepare for a major shift toward computer instruction and automated geography in the late 1980s. Long term effects will include improved contributions by geographers to national and international policy analyses, a greater emphasis on team-work and sharing, stronger ties with other disciplines, and a generally more viable discipline.