黑藻对沉积物及土壤中不同形态磷的利用与转化

利用同一区域湖泊和河流沉积物及土壤培养黑藻,运用化学连续提取法对底质中磷的不同形态进行分离,同时分析黑藻生物量及底质中上覆水和间隙水中磷浓度的变化,并对底质中生物可利用磷进行了估算,揭示沉水植物对底质中不同形态磷的利用与转化规律。结果表明,底质中弱吸附态磷、可还原性磷（RSP）是黑藻利用的主要磷形态;土壤与沉积物相比不利于黑藻生长,营养水平高的河流沉积物有利于黑藻初期生长,但容易使其早衰;沉积物作底质上覆水和间隙水磷浓度主要受底质中RSP含量的控制;土壤作底质上覆水和间隙水磷浓度主要受弱吸附态磷控制;黑藻能促进底质中磷向可利用态转化;黑藻对土壤中生物可利用磷的利用率比沉积物低。     

Rainfall measurement using cell phone links: classification of wet and dry periods using geostationary satellites

Commercial cellular telecommunication networks can be used for rainfall estimation by measuring the attenuation of electromagnetic signals transmitted between antennas from microwave links. However, as the received link signal may also decrease during dry periods, a method to separate wet and dry periods is required. Methods utilizing ground-based radar rainfall intensities or nearby link data cannot always be used. Geostationary satellites can provide a good alternative. A combination of two Meteosat Second Generation satellite precipitation products, Precipitating Clouds and Cloud Physical Properties, is employed to decide whether a 15-min time interval for a given link is rainy or not. A 12-d dataset of link-based rainfall maps for the Netherlands is validated against gauge-adjusted radar rainfall maps. Results clearly improve upon the case when no wet–dry classification is applied and thus the method shows potential for application to large areas of the world where the other methods cannot be applied.     

不同Mascon模型解比较分析

简要介绍不同机构发布的Mascon模型解数据,并在全球和区域尺度上对Mascon模型解、球谐系数法以及GLDAS水文模型陆地水储量变化计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,不同Mascon模型解具有较好的一致性;与球谐系数法反演结果相比,Mascon模型解能提高反演结果信噪比值,空间分辨率更高,保留更多有效信号,与GLDAS水文模型结果相关性更好;不同Mascon模型解中,JPL Mascon模型解信噪比值最大,与GLDAS水文模型时间序列相关性最好。     

Lunar surface potential and electric field

The Moon has no significant atmosphere, thus its surface is exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation and the solar wind. Photoemission and collection of the solar wind electrons and ions may result in lunar surface charging. On the dayside, the surface potential is mainly determined by photoelectrons, modulated by the solar wind;while the nightside surface potential is a function of the plasma distribution in the lunar wake. Taking the plasma observations in the lunar environment as inputs, the global potential distribution is calculated according to the plasma sheath theory, assuming Maxwellian distributions for the surface emitted photoelectrons and the solar wind electrons. Results show that the lunar surface potential and sheath scale length change versus the solar zenith angle, which implies that the electric field has a horizontal component in addition to the vertical one. By differentiating the potential vertically and horizontally, we obtain the global electric field. It is found that the vertical electric field component is strongest at the subsolar point,which has a magnitude of 1 V m-1. The horizontal component is much weaker, and mainly appears near the terminator and on the nightside, with a magnitude of several mV m-1. The horizontal electric field component on the nightside is rotationally symmetric around the wake axis and is strongly determined by the plasma parameters in the lunar wake.     

北斗三号观测数据质量及定位精度初步评估

开展BDS-3观测数据质量评估对于即将到来的BDS-3应用研究至关重要。本文从载噪比、伪距多路径及观测噪声3方面评估了BDS-3卫星的观测数据质量,在此基础上分析了其标准单点定位和短基线相对定位性能。初步评估结果表明：在载噪比方面,BDS-3卫星的B1I频点比BDS-2卫星高3~4 dB/Hz,B3I频点最高,其余频点大小相当;在多路径方面,BDS-3卫星伪距B2a、B2b和B3I与BDS-2的B3I大小相当,B1I和B1C与BDS-2的B1I、B2I大小相当,且BDS-3各频点的伪距多路径组合中不存在明显的与高度角相关的伪距偏差;在观测值噪声方面,BDS-3卫星与BDS-2卫星各频点大小基本相当。相比于仅使用BDS-2卫星,增加BDS-3卫星可以改善几何图形结构,一定程度上提高伪距单点定位和短基线相对定位的精度。     

BDS可用性研究与验证

为研究北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的定位性能,根据实测数据对比分析了BDS/GPS组合系统的定位结果,对基于BDS的数据可用性进行了分析,并对BDS与GPS分别在RTK模式下的定位结果精度进行分析。研究表明:BDS/GPS组合系统的兼容性与融合性得到了验证,基于BDS的数据可用性良好,基于BDS的RTK测量成果精度可靠。     

资源三号01星GPS天线相位中心变化在轨估计及对精密定轨的影响

利用资源三号01星（ZY3-01）实测GPS数据,基于简化动力学定轨方法和残差法估计该星GPS天线的在轨相位中心变化（phase center variation,PCV）模型,并分析该星PCV对精密定轨的影响。实验表明,通过考虑PCV模型,ZY3-01星定轨结果在重叠弧段对比上,三维位置RMS值有4.5 mm的精度提升,SLR检核RMS值有1.2 mm的精度提升,且各SLR测站检核结果也均有不同程度的精度提升。     

基于星间链路体制的北斗卫星时间同步可行性分析

BD-3试验星上搭载了Ka频段星间链路（ISL）设备,可进行Ka波段对地观测。推导了星间链路时分观测体制双向时间同步的数学模型;以ISL星地观测数据为样本分析ISL体制时间同步的可行性,并与L波段观测结果比对。结果表明,ISL体制钟速拟合参数与L波段结果一致性较好,7 d和3 d弧段拟合精度在1 ns以内,1 d和1 h弧段拟合精度均在0.2 ns以内,较L波段拟合精度有所提高,其中1 d为最优拟合时长;利用7 d的实测星地钟差进行向后1 d的钟差预报,结果显示,ISL星地钟差1 d预报误差为2 ns,较L波段预报精度略有提高;最后采用星地星间联合钟差观测,2 d内观测残差为0.52 ns,验证了ISL钟差观测的可行性。     

First reports of a mass mortality event across multiple life stages in a mesopelagic jellyfish in high latitude coastal waters

Mass mortality events can occur naturally and may have important ecological impacts on local populations. The abundance and stage structure of the coronate scyphozoan Periphylla periphylla in a Northern Norwegian fjord were studied between October 2010 and August 2011. Developmental stage composition varied for the duration of the study, with early developmental stages only present in the autumn and winter. Records of large number of dead P. periphylla across multiple life stages revealed that a mass mortality event occurred towards the end of the study period. The abundance of live medusa increased from 27 to 39 individuals (ind.)·1,000 m^–3 from October 2010 to February 2011, then fell to <10 ind.·1,000 m^–3 in August 2011. The estimated abundance of dead jellyfish increased from slightly >1 ind.·1,000 m^–3 in October 2010 to >34 ind.·1,000 m^–3 in August 2011, corresponding to an estimated population mortality of >80% on the last sampling date. Mortality increased as the length of high solar irradiance periods increased. Based on previous published evidence that strong light is harmful to P. periphylla, we speculate whether the light climate of this high latitude location may have contributed to the mass mortality of P. periphylla.     

西北冰洋陆坡区极北哲水蚤种群快速补充研究

在北冰洋的高纬度海区,陆坡—海盆之间的交换对极北哲水蚤（Calanus hyperboreus）的种群补充具有非常重要的意义。为了研究极北哲水蚤在西北冰洋种群补充的地理差异,我们利用2003年夏季所采集的样品,分析了该物种的丰度、种群结构和体长分布。从总丰度的地理分布来看,极北哲水蚤主要分布在楚科奇海与楚科奇深海平原之间的陆坡区（CS-slope）,而在水深较浅的楚科奇海并没有记录。在CS-slope区域,极北哲水蚤的总丰度在1 110.0—5 815.0个/m³之间,而其他海区的总丰度在40.0—950.0个/m³之间。从不同的发育期分布上来看,早期幼体（CI-CIV）在CS-slope区域占优势,而CV期幼体和成体在深水海盆区占优势。从体长的地理分布上来看,差异最为明显的是CⅢ期幼体,其在CS-slope区域的前体长在2.48—2.61 mm之间,而在其他海区的前体长在2.16—2.37 mm之间。与环境因子相关性的分析结果显示,早期幼体（CI-CIV）的丰度与叶绿素a的浓度呈正相关关系,而CV期幼体和成体却与叶绿素a的浓度呈负相关关系。我们的结果表明,极北哲水蚤可以通过加快第一个生长季节的发育速度而受益于初级生产力的增加,并且高生产力的CS-slope区域是陆坡-海盆之间种群补充的潜在来源。