氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法直接测定地球化学样品中痕量碲

采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸溶解样品,以Fe3 作减缓剂,不需分离富集,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法直接测定地球化学样品中痕量碲.对测定介质、KBH4浓度、铁盐的作用等条件进行试验.方法检出限为0.0031μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=11)＜6.10%.方法用于国家一级地球化学标准物质中痕量碲的测定,结果与标准值一致.     

马兰煤矿矿井水水质变化特征及成因

通过对山西省马兰煤矿2号煤层采掘面在开采和封闭时期的矿井水和沉积物的研究,揭示采掘面封闭前后对矿井水水质和沉积物的影响机理。研究结果表明：马兰煤矿矿井水均为SO₄-Ca型水质,矿井水均富含SO₄^2-和Fe离子;随着上部煤层的不断开采,3处矿井水呈现相同的变化规律,矿井水的pH值升高,Eh值降低,SO₄^2-、Fe、Mn和Zn离子浓度随之下降,其中北一暗斜井处的矿井水水质变化最显著;矿井水水质指标和流速变化能够控制其沉积物的矿物组成和结晶程度,北一暗斜井处的沉积物在两次采样中由斯沃特曼铁矿变为针铁矿,而其他两处的矿井水沉积物矿物组分没有发生变化,主要由针铁矿组成。研究结果能够提高对老空区积水水质的预测精度,并对煤矿突水水源判识具有重要意义。     

Atmospheric sulfur deposition and streamwater quality in Finland

The correlation between sulfate concentrations in Finnish headwater streams and atmospheric sulfate deposition has been studied by using data from the streamwater chemistry in August–September 1990 and computed S deposition from the anthropogenic emissions. The sulfate concentrations and acidity in water are interpolated and smoothed into a deposition model grid. These data are compared with geological and pedogeochemical (glacial till) background information. The areas where the streamwater SO₄ concentrations are mainly controlled by either anthropogenic S deposition or sulfur in till is estimated by applying the fuzzy Gustafsson-Kessel algorithm, which provides a soft clustering suitable for overlapping control factors. Residual areas can be well explained by the SO₄-rich Littorina clay deposits. The higher overall background SO₄ concentrations in streams in south Finland compared with central and northern Finland are an indisputable consequence of the heavier S deposition load in the south. However, anthropogenic sulfur deposition has a clear correlation with the sulfates in streamwaters only in northeastern Lapland impacted by the large industrial emissions in the Kola Peninsula. The secondary sulfide and sulfate minerals of marine Littorina sediments are dominating sources in the broad coastal belts, as are the primary sulfide minerals locally in the Pori-Vammala area, at the eastern end of the main sulfide ore belt between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Bothnia, in the Outokumpu area, and in the Peräpohja and central Lapland schist belts. Consequently, in addition to the anthropogenic deposition, there are natural sources of sulfur which cause acidity of streamwaters.     

修正的内梅罗指数法及其在城市地下饮用水源地水质评价中的应用

为了克服内梅罗指数法和平均指数法存在的不足,对内梅罗指数法进行了修正。将公式中的算术平均修改为加权平均,各评价指标的权重是根据污染因子的危害性与该污染因子的排放标准呈反比例关系来确定的。并将修正后的公式用于西安市地下饮用水源地的水质评价中。结果表明,改进后的方法更能客观地评价水质状况,既突出了最大污染因子,又增强了危害性较强因子的作用,是合理的。     

我国地下水污染调查评价中的水质分析技术

在介绍我国地下水污染调查与评价工作的基础上,结合地质矿产实验室的实际情况,总结并探讨了其水质分析的技术体系和最新成果,对开展地下水污染样品的检测和质量管理具有一定的实用价值和指导意义。     

层次分析法(AHP)在三江平原地质环境质量评价中的应用

应用层次分析法(AHP)对影响三江平原环境地质质量的岩石、土壤和水3个子系统分别进行评价,通过分析影响各子系统的主要因子,建立子系统层次结构模型和质量指数数学模型,得出各子系统的质量指数,从而评价出各个子系统的质量状况。在此基础上,建立地质环境系统质量评价的层次结构模型和数学模型,计算出地质环境质量指数,并对该地区的质量状况进行评价,得出三江地区总体环境地质状况是好的结论。     

深圳市某建筑深基坑支护滑塌事故剖析

以深圳某建筑深基坑滑塌为例,在现场实物和相关资料调查的基础上,从基坑支护的设计、施工、监测以及质量安全管理等方面对基坑滑塌事故的原因进行了较为全面的分析和探讨,认为导致该基坑支护工程滑塌的主要原因是土钉和锚索抗拔力不足.最后针对目前深基坑工程中普遍存在的问题提出了加强设计方案的审查、加强施工管理、加强土钉墙研究的建议.     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定电气石中12种主次量元素

电气石是一类含硼的铝硅酸盐矿物,化学成分复杂、化学稳定性强,不易湿法分解,B_2O_3含量较高,导致其主次量元素的同时测定存在一定困难。本文采用熔融法制样,建立了X射线荧光光谱法测定电气石Na_2O、MgO、Al_2O_3、SiO_2、P_2O_5、K_2O、CaO、TiO_2、V_2O_5、Cr_2O_3、MnO、TFe_2O_3等主次量元素的分析方法。样品与四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂-氟化锂(质量比为4.5∶1∶0.4)混合熔剂的稀释比例为1∶10,消除了粒度效应和矿物效应;在缺少电气石标准物质的情况下,选择土壤、水系沉积物及多种类型的地质标准物质绘制校准曲线,利用含量与电气石类似的标准物质验证准确度,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于4.2%。采用所建方法测定四种不同类型电气石实际样品,测定值与经典化学法基本吻合。本方法解决了电气石不易湿法分解和硼的干扰问题,测定结果准确可靠,与其他方法相比操作简便,分析周期短。     

钻孔灌注桩在某工程中的应用及质量控制

作为地下隐蔽工程的钻孔灌注桩其质量的好坏直接影响到上部构、建筑物的使用质量和安全,从成孔到灌注成桩其工艺复杂且环环相扣,相互制约又相互影响。文章从影响成桩质量的几个要点,着重分析和阐述了保证灌注质量的措施和方法。     

Geochemistry and potential use of groundwater in the Rocca Busambra area (Sicily, Italy)

In the Rocca Busambra area (mid-west Sicily, Italy), from November 1999 to July 2002, 23 water points including wells and springs were sampled and studied for their chemical and isotopic compositions. Two rain gauges were also installed at different altitudes, and rainwater was collected monthly to determine the isotopic composition. The obtained results revealed the Rocca Busambra carbonate complex as being the main recharge area on account of its high permeability value. From a chemical view point, two main groups of water can be distinguished: calcium–magnesium–bicarbonate-type and calcium–magnesium–chloride–sulphate-type waters. The first group reflects the dissolution of the carbonate rocks; the second group probably originates from circulation within flyschoid sediments. Three water wells differ from the other samples due to their relatively high Na and K content, which probably is to be referred to a marked interaction with the “Calcareniti di Corleone” formation, which is rich in glauconite [(K, Na)(Fe³⁺, Al, Mg)₂(Si, Al)₄O₁₀(OH)₂]. In accordance with WHO guidelines for drinking water (2004), almost all the samples collected can be considered drinkable, with the exception of four of them, whose NO₃ ⁻, F⁻ and Na⁺ contents exceed the limits. On the contrary, the sampled groundwater studied is basically suitable for irrigation.