盐生植物中亚滨藜叶蛋白提取工艺的研究

采用酸化和加热相结合的方法，从中亚滨藜叶中提取叶蛋白。分别研究了溶剂用量和加入无机盐、溶剂酸碱度、温度、提取时间等对蛋白质提取率的影响；以及不同pH、絮凝温度、絮凝时间对从提取物中沉淀蛋白质的影响。确定了中亚滨藜叶蛋白的最佳提取工艺。为盐生植物中亚滨藜资源的开发利用提供科学依据。     

Preconcentration/Separation of Gold and Palladium by a Microcolumn Packed with Azadirachta Indica Leaf Powder and Their Determination in Geological Samples by ICP‐OES

A new method using a microcolumn (20 mm length × 2.0 mm i.d.) packed with Azadirachta Indica leaf powder (Neem leaf) as an adsorbent for the preconcentration/separation of Au and Pd prior to their determination by ICP‐OES in geological samples is presented. Various factors affecting the separation and preconcentration of the target analytes such as pH, sample flow rate and volume, eluent concentration and volume and interfering ions were studied and the optimal experimental conditions were established. The adsorption capacity of Azadirachta Indica leaf for Au and Pd was found to be 39.2 and 9.8 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The detection limits (3s) of this method for Au and Pd with an enrichment factor of 50 were 47 ng l⁻¹ and 59 ng l⁻¹ and the relative standard deviations were 4.8% and 5.7% (n = 7, adsorption capacity C = 5 ng ml⁻¹), respectively. In order to validate the proposed method, the certified reference material, GBW07293, was analysed, and a good agreement was obtained between the certified and determined values.     

两种白刺叶片及沙堆土壤化学计量学特征的比较

在植物叶片氮、磷化学计量学研究中,氮磷比常作为判断土壤养分限制性的指标,其适用范围从海洋、湖泊等水生生态系统扩展到陆地生态系统。以生长在民勤绿洲的毛瓣白刺(Nitraria praevisa)和唐古特白刺(N. tangutorun)为研究对象,分别测定叶片N、P含量以及沙堆各层土壤有机质、N、P含量,以探讨两种白刺叶片及其沙堆土壤化学计量学特征的关系。研究结果表明:①白刺叶片的N、P含量之间存在显著的正相关关系;②两种白刺沙堆各项土壤养分指标差异极显著(P<0.01);③毛瓣白刺沙堆土壤的N含量在0～20 cm土层存在富集现象,唐古特白刺沙堆土壤的有机质、N、P含量在20～40 cm土层存在富集现象;④在水分为最主要的限制性因子的荒漠生态系统中,能否以叶片N∶P作为判定营养元素限制性的标准,值得进一步探讨。     

大亚湾红树林及海岸植物叶片盐腺与表皮非腺毛结构

光镜下观察研究了大亚湾地区部分红树林和海岸植物叶片的盐腺（腺毛）和非腺毛的结构及部分种类的发育过程,结果表明：在２１种植物中,叶片具盐腺的有桐花树、老鼠勒、白骨壤、黄槿、假茉莉、海南刺、二叶红薯,具非腺毛的有黄槿、白骨壤、钝叶豆腐木、草海桐。不同植物盐腺和表皮非腺毛的基本结构一致,反映出对难生境的趋同适应。     

不同尺度生态学中植物叶性状研究概述

植物叶性状与植物个体、群落、生态系统功能的基本行为和功能具有密切相关性,可反映植物适应环境变化所形成的生存对策。目前有关叶性状的研究非常多,从不同尺度（个体尺度、功能群尺度、群落尺度和区域及全球尺度）对叶的性状进行了研究。个体尺度叶性状的研究着重于揭示单个或多个植物种叶性状对不同环境因子（如温度、土壤水分等）的响应;不同功能群之间植物性状的分异表明环境因子对功能群而言存在选择压力（如低氮）,但在功能群内部,选择压力较弱;随群落结构的改变,群落叶性状平均值和建群种叶性状均存在显著变化;大尺度（区域和全球）的研究有助于定量化阐述叶性状分异规律及其与气候等环境因子之间的相关性。目前的研究没有从机理上阐述清楚植物叶性状对环境因子的响应、群落构建过程中植物叶性状的指示作用、叶性状分异的生物地理格局等,在未来的研究中应予以更多关注。     

Leaf margins and temperature in the North American flora: Recalibrating the paleoclimatic thermometer

For almost a century, leaf margin analysis has been an important method of estimating Cenozoic paleotemperatures. However, the relation between the proportion of toothed versus entire leaves and temperature has so far been calibrated and characterized using relatively small numbers of opportunistically and irregularly collected floras.Here we present the results of the first systematic spatially-distributed analysis of the relation between leaf margins and temperature for North America.We used species range maps of native North American dicot trees to derive synthetic local floras for each 50 km grid cell in the USA and Canada, and compared the percentage of entire-margined species with the mean annual temperature in each cell. Leaf margin type for each species was assigned using illustrations from appropriate regional North America floras.This analysis confirms that high-rainfall areas of the eastern USA and Canada show a strong inverse relationship between toothed margin percentage and mean annual temperature in the range 0–25 °C. The values we estimate are roughly similar to those obtained from floras in east Asia and previous analyses in North America, but the detailed curve is more complex, showing a distinct change in slope above a mean annual temperature of 20 °C. Wetter climate areas of the coastal western USA do not show any significant correlation between leaf margin percentage and temperature. This may relate to the confounding effect of the diverse topography of the West Coast, or it may be caused by the depleted dicotyledonous tree flora of this area.Like previous studies, this paper demonstrates that there indeed is a strong relationship between leaf margin percentage and temperature on a regional scale in eastern North America. However the relationship does not have the same linear behavior as results obtained from previous analyses. We discuss the implications of the results obtained here for paleoclimatic reconstruction in the content of other leaf margin analyses based on North American sites.     

青海柴达木盆地林线附近祁连圆柏叶片功能性状的变化特征

林线作为高山系统中郁闭林与无林高山植被带间特殊的生态过渡带, 对全球气候变化极为敏感. 柴达木盆地林线附近的祁连圆柏作为青藏高原东北部高山生态系统中海拔分布最高的单一优势树种, 是研究林线植物响应气候变化的理想材料. 为明确祁连圆柏重要叶片功能性状对林线附近环境变化的响应模式, 分别测定了东、西两个坡向上林线附近(郁闭林、林线和树线)祁连圆柏的叶片干物质含量(LDMC)、单位面积的叶片重量(LMA)、叶片碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C)、叶片单位重量的碳氮含量(C_mass, N_mass)、碳氮比(C/N)、叶片自由水含量(FW)和叶片自由水与束缚水比(FW/BW). 结果显示:LMA、δ¹³C和C_mass在林线附近无显著变化, 但林线和树线的N_mass、FW及FW/BW显著高于郁闭林, 而LDMC和C/N则相反; 在不同坡向上, 西坡LMA显著高于东坡. 此外, FW与LDMC、N_mass显著正相关, 而FW与FW/BW、LMA与C_mass以及N_mass与C/N显著负相关. 以上结果表明, 祁连圆柏作为我国西北高山生态系统中耐旱、耐寒的树种在林线附近并未受到明显的水分胁迫, 其可能主要通过提高叶片自由水含量、光合能力、含氮渗透调节物含量等策略来适应林线附近的恶劣生境, 以保证自身的正常生长发育.     

基于TAVI的山区毛竹林LAI反演分析

本文采用地形调节植被指数（TAVI）,以RapidEye高分辨率多光谱遥感影像为数据源,对福建省永安市毛竹林山区进行了叶面积指数（LAI）地面实测、遥感建模及反演分析。通过TAVI与归一化植被指数（NDVI）、比值植被指数（RVI）的对比研究,结果表明：（1）毛竹林实测LAI与TAVI、NDVI和RVI线性回归的决定系数（R²）分别为0.6085、0.3156和0.4092,最佳非线性回归的R²分别提高到0.6624、0.5280和0.6497。LAI与NDVI或RVI非线性（U曲线）模型可以很好地解释LAI-VI的散点分布规律,但难以解决LAI-VI间因地形影响导致的“同物异谱”和“异物同谱”问题,因此,在山区大面积推广应用需慎重。（2）通过实测LAI的验证表明,LAI-TAVI回归模型可有效避免因地形影响导致的“同物异谱”和“异物同谱”问题。TAVI具有良好的削减地形影响作用,可用于山区植被LAI的遥感反演。     

青海柴达木地区野生胡杨叶的形态解剖学研究

采用常规石蜡切片法,对青海柴达木地区野生胡杨叶的形态和解剖结构进行了观察和分析,探讨野生胡杨在解剖学方面适应干旱的机理。结果表明,该地区的野生胡杨叶具有明显的旱生结构特点。具体表现为:叶片厚,不等面叶;上下均由两层细胞构成复表皮,具有较厚的表皮细胞外壁与角质层;气孔下陷;具有不整齐的维管束鞘细胞,主脉韧皮纤维发达,含较多的粘液细胞;栅栏组织发达,细胞小,排列紧密;叶肉细胞含有两种结晶体——棱晶和簇晶。     

基于物理模型训练神经网络的作物叶面积指数遥感反演研究

叶面积指数(LAI)是估算作物生长的关键参数。基于物理模型的LAI反演,被认为是当前最为可靠的方法,但其反演复杂。本文提出了将物理模型和神经网络相结合,从地表反射率反演叶面积指数的算法,利用MOD IS地表反射率和4-scale模型反演作物LAI。(1)利用4-scale模型模拟不同LAI与地表反射率的关系,生成训练数据;(2)利用模型模拟的LAI训练神经网络;(3)以MOD IS地表反射率输入训练后的神经网络,反演LAI。估算的LAI与其他LAI产品进行了比较,结果表明,估算的作物LAI和MOD IS及CYCLOPES LAI产品空间和时间分布一致,均方根误差分别为0.4994和0.6558。以2004年衡水的作物LAI地面观测数据进行了直接验证,估算的LAI与研究区地表植被分布一致,但是,三种卫星LAI产品都小于地表测量,故需针对华北平原浓密作物设计模型参数化方案。