大亚湾红树林及海岸植物叶片盐腺与表皮非腺毛结构

光镜下观察研究了大亚湾地区部分红树林和海岸植物叶片的盐腺（腺毛）和非腺毛的结构及部分种类的发育过程,结果表明：在２１种植物中,叶片具盐腺的有桐花树、老鼠勒、白骨壤、黄槿、假茉莉、海南刺、二叶红薯,具非腺毛的有黄槿、白骨壤、钝叶豆腐木、草海桐。不同植物盐腺和表皮非腺毛的基本结构一致,反映出对难生境的趋同适应。     

Evidence of field-scale shifts in transpiration dynamics following bark beetle infestation: Stomatal conductance responses

Amplified eruptive outbreaks of bark beetles as a consequence of climate change can cause tree mortality that significantly affects terrestrial water and carbon fluxes. However, the lack of field-scale observations of underlying physiological mechanisms currently hampers the expression of such ecosystem disturbances in predictive modelling. Based on a unique flux tower dataset from a subalpine forest located in the Rocky Mountains, mechanisms of stomatal response to an extensive bark beetle outbreak were investigated using various models and parametrizations. The datasets cover a decade, including the periods of pre-infestation, infestation, and post-infestation. Field measurements showed considerable decreases in evapotranspiration (ET), transpiration (T), and leaf area index (LAI) during the two-year infestation period compared to the pre-infestation period. Model interpretations of observed water and carbon fluxes indicated that the overall reductions in T were not solely due to decreased LAI, but also to changes in physiological behaviours. The summer season's canopy-scale stomatal conductance was significantly reduced during the infestation period, from 0.0018 to 0.0011 m s⁻¹. One primary reason for the observed variations is likely that the bark beetle infestation hampers the water transport in the xylem. The damage of xylem has important implications for water use efficiency (WUE), which also significantly influences the parameterization of stomatal conductance. When using stomatal conductance models to forecast ecosystem dynamics, it is crucial to recalibrate the model's parameters to ensure the accurate depiction of stomatal dynamics during various infestation periods. The neglect of the temporal variability of canopy-scale stomatal conductance under ecosystem disturbances (e.g., bark beetle infestations) in current earth system models, therefore, requires specific attention in assessments of large-scale water and carbon balances.     

混合像元聚集指数研究及尺度分析

本文提出了一种新的混合像元聚集指数计算方法。该方法基于高分辨率遥感数据,采用方向孔隙率公式和线性混合模型相结合的方法,详细描述了混合像元内部由于植被覆盖度(FVC)、端元聚集指数以及叶倾角分布等引起的尺度差异。利用模拟数据进行初步敏感性分析,将计算得到的混合像元聚集指数与所占面积比例最大的端元聚集指数进行比较,结果表明端元聚集指数的不均一性对计算结果影响最大,由此得到的混合像元聚集指数较最大面积端元聚集指数下降了55%;植被覆盖度的不均一性影响次之,可使聚集指数降低43%;植被叶倾角分布(G函数)的空间异质性影响最小,约12%。敏感性分析的结果同时也证明了对于空间异质性较强的混合像元进行尺度差异修正的必要性。利用本文中提出的混合像元聚集指数方法有望在提高低分辨率叶面积指数反演中发挥重要作用。     

Effects of Larval Settlement and Post-Settlement Mortality on the Distribution Pattern and Abundance of the Spirorbid Tube Worm Neodexiospira brasiliensis (Grube) (Polychaeta) Living on Seagrass Leaves

Abstract. The role of larval settlement, post-settlement mortality and competition with a red algae in determining the patterns of abundance and distribution of the spirorbid tube worm Neodexiospira brasiliensis (Grube) (Polychaeta: Spirorbidae) on leaves of three seagrass species: Zostera marina Linnaeus, Zostera asiatica Miki and Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino were examined in Aininkap, Akkeshi Bay, Akkeshi, Hokkaido, Japan. Field collections of seagrass shoots were made at about 1-week intervals. The density of newly settled larvae (< 0.3 mm in tube diameter) increased significantly on Z. asiatica and P. iwatensis , but not on Z. marina during the sampling period. It was highest on Z. asiatica among the three seagrass species, followed by P. iwatensis and Z. marina . Newly settled larvae occurred more on the basal part of younger leaves of each seagrass species. Mortality tended to be high on Z. marina , followed by Z. asiatica and P. iwatensis , although the differences were not great. Size-specific mortality showed the existence of high mortality in early post-settlement stages on Z. asiatica and P. iwatenisis . Relatively high mortality was also suffered by individuals with a tube diameter over 1.5 mm. Growth in tube diameter of N. brasiliensis was slower on P. iwatensis than on the other two seagrasses. The effect of a calcareous red algae on larval settlement was investigated with removal experiments; however, no effect of red algae was detected. Patterns in the distribution and abundance of N. brasiliensis on leaves of three seagrass species resulted from the heterogeneity of larval settlement rather than from post-settlement mortality or competition with red algae. Different densities of larval settlement among the three seagrass species or on a leaf are likely to relate to larval behaviour, such as negative phototaxis.     

基于网络药理学探讨荷叶抗非酒精性脂肪肝的作用机制

目的：基于网络药理学探讨荷叶抗非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）的作用机制。方法：利用TCMSP平台和Swiss Target Prediction 等数据库搜集荷叶活性成分和作用靶点。通过GeneCard、GenCLiP3数据库获取NAFLD的相关靶点,利用Cytoscape 3.8.2 软件构建荷叶成分-疾病-靶点蛋白网络。使用STRING数据库和Cytoscape 3.8.2 软件构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络,进行基因本体（GO）功能与京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）通路富集分析。结果：获得荷叶活性成分15种,潜在靶点441个,疾病相关靶点1316个,成分-疾病-靶点161个。PPI网络显示,丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶、白细胞介素6、肿瘤抑制基因 p53、血管内皮生长因子、肿瘤坏死因子等靶点与荷叶抗NAFLD的关系最密切。GO功能主要有药物的反应、凋亡过程的负调控、胞液、核浆、细胞质、线粒体酶结合、细胞因子活性、转录因子结合等。KEGG通路主要涉及乙型肝炎、癌症的途径、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、NOD样受体信号通路、缺氧诱导因子-1信号通路等。结论：荷叶通过调控161个靶点参与TNF信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、NOD样受体信号通路等作用于NAFLD。     

The Würmian Late-glacial in Iowland Switzerland

A synthesis is provided of Late-glacial (14-9 ka BP) environmental changes in lowland Switzerland (the ‘Swiss Plateau’). The chronology of deglaciation and subsequent developments in vegetation cover in the area are summarised. The sequence of climatic variations experienced in the region during the Late-glacial is then described and a curve representing the main palaeotemperature variations is presented.     

冬小麦产量形成的干物质模式

针对徐淮地区冬小麦的生长情况，建立了冬小麦总生物量与气象条件综合因子逐蒸发量的工模式，并在引进三种群生态模型基础上，结合穗茎叶之间关系，研制出穗茎叶干物质相互作用模式，用数学方法研究了冬小麦干物质形成的规律，对生长模拟具有实际参考价值。     

DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF LEAF AREA INDEX FOR MAJOR CONIFEROUS FOREST TYPES IN CHINA

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Modelling plant canopy effects on variability of soil temperature and water: model calibration and validation

Temperature conditions and the availability of moisture in the near-surface soil environment drives many important plant and other biological processes. Vegetation, which can be controlled by management, affects the spatial and temporal variability of heat and water in the soil. Land managers need to address the interactions between physical, chemical and biological factors in the near surface, but lack the necessary information. The ability to predict temperature and water within the soil–plant–atmosphere system enhances our ability to evaluate management options and enables better understanding of interactions between surface processes and the atmosphere. The Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) Model, a detailed model of heat and water movement in a plant–snow–residue–soil system, was applied to 2 full years of data on semi-arid sagebrush rangeland to simulate vegetation effects on the spatial and temporal variation of soil temperature and water. Minor calibration was necessary to match the drop in measured soil water potential as the soil dried in the late spring and early summer. The model accounted for over 93% of the variation in average daily soil temperature for a sagebrush-covered area and over 96% of the variation in temperature for a bare soil surface for 2 years. Rapid changes in surface water potential and drying of the soil profile as simulated by the model closely tracked measured observations.     

Effects of Cropping on Growth in the Mediterranean Seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile*

Abstract. In view of proposed human use of seagrass production the influence of cropping on the growth of Posidonia oceanica (L.) DELILE was investigated. Removal of photosynthetic tissue reduces productivity throughout most of the growth season. This is consistent with the observed low natural grazing rates in aquatic macrophytes. A high mortality of shoots points to possible irreversible damage to the meadow. Harvesting of Posidonia should therefore be restricted to the end of the leaf growth period in early fall.