基于几何光学模型的人工林叶面积指数遥感反演

 MODIS等全球叶面积指数(LAI)产品空间分辨率偏低(250m~7km),不能满足高空间分辨率遥感应用的需求。为获取大区域高空间分辨率LAI,有必要对物理模型用于高空间分辨率遥感影像LAI反演的可行性进行探讨。本文基于4-scale模型LAI反演算法,以甘肃省张掖为研究区,利用TM 影像实现研究区人工林LAI反演。反演算法考虑了反射率入射-观测角度对LAI与植被指数关系的影响和植被冠层尺度的集聚程度。利用地面实测LAI数据对反演结果进行验证与分析,并与NDVI经验模型进行对比,同时分析LAI反演结果对波段反射率敏感性。结果表明: 4-scale模型LAI反演结果与实测LAI一致性良好(R²=0.67,RMSE=0.50),且优于NDVI经验模型(R²=0.59,RMSE=0.67);当LAI大于2时,4-scale模型LAI反演算法误差小于NDVI经验模型,能有效避免植被指数的饱和现象;红光波段反射率减小时,引起4-scale模型LAI反演结果的变化幅度比其增大时更高,且影响程度大于近红外波段反射率。研究表明,4-scale 模型LAI反演算法可用于TM数据反演人工林LAI,模型应用普适性较强。     

不同演替阶段白刺灌丛沙堆土壤因子与叶功能性状关系研究

植物功能性状与环境之间的关系是功能性状研究的重点,环境因子驱使植物功能性状发生变化,进而推动群落发生演替.本研究以民勤不同演替阶段(发育阶段、稳定阶段、衰退阶段、严重衰退阶段)白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)灌丛沙堆为研究对象,分析不同演替阶段白刺叶功能性状差异及其与土壤因子的关系,旨在揭示白刺对干旱荒漠...     

Rainfall interception by sand-stabilizing shrubs related to crown structure

On the edge of the Tengger Desert in northern China,revegetation has changed the landscape from moving dunes to stabilized dunes covered by shrubs,which further modifies the pattern of rainfall redistribution.To study rainfall interception loss by shrubs and its relationship to rainfall properties and crown structure,throughfalls passing through crowns of Artemisia ordosica Krash.and Caragana korshinskii Kom.were measured using nine PVC cups under the canopy of each of the two shrubs during 73 rain events over a three-year period,with total rainfall of 260.9 mm.Interception losses of gross rainfall by A.ordosica and C.korshinskii account for 15% and 27% of the total on a crown area basis,and 6% and 11% on a ground area basis,respectively.Individual throughfall(T) and interception(I) were significantly related to rainfall amount(Pg),duration(D),and intensity(R).Ratios of throughfall to rainfall(T/Pg) and interception to rainfall(I/Pg) were not only significantly related to Pg,D,and R,but also to shrub species,and interactions of species with crown volume(CV) and leaf area index(LAI).Under most rain events,interceptions by C.korshinskii with greater CV and LAI were significantly higher than those by A.ordosica,and more rainfall interception occurred at locations closer to the stems of the two shrubs.For C.korshinskii,I/Pg had a significant positive linear relation with CV and LAI,while T/Pg had a significant negative linear relation with them.CV has a greater influence on T/Pg and I/Pg than does LAI.Using a regression method,canopy water storage capacities are estimated to be 0.52 and 0.68 mm,and free throughfall coefficient to be 0.62 and 0.47 for A.ordosica and C.korshinskii,respectively.     

内蒙古6种沙生柳树叶片解剖结构的抗旱性分析

利用常规石蜡切片、光学显微镜观察的方法,对内蒙古地区6种沙生柳树叶片的解剖结构进行比较分析。结果表明,6种柳树的叶片结构具有相似性,均为全栅型的等面叶,表皮均具有角质层,主脉为双韧维管束,栅栏组织发达,5～6层。差异表现在角质层和表皮厚度、主脉和叶片厚度、栅栏组织的厚度等方面。应用SAS和SPSS软件进行分析,根据几种柳树叶片的结构特征,得出抗旱性大小顺序依次为：黄柳、砂杞柳、沙柳、乌柳、筐柳、小红柳。     

盐胁迫对霸王水势的影响

2007年8月采用PSYPRO水势仪,测定了青海省农林科学院林业所试验基地盆栽霸王的叶水势、土壤水势及大气水势,并对霸王叶水势在不同土壤盐胁迫下的日变化进行了动态观测,分析了不同土壤盐胁迫条件下影响霸王叶水势变化的主要影响因子。结果表明,在土壤水分充足的条件下,霸王能在盐分浓度为1.5%的土壤中生长,此时叶水势值大小的比较为0>0.5%>1.5%;叶水势与土壤水势相关性的比较为0>0.5%>1.5%,与大气水势相关性的比较为0.5%>0>1.5%。     

Carbon pools in stream‐riparian corridors: legacy of disturbance along mountain streams of south‐eastern Wyoming

Streams and their accompanying riparian environments are intrinsic components of terrestrial carbon cycling. However, they have been understudied in terms of the magnitude of their storage components and the role of disturbance in determining carbon storage capacity. This study presents partial carbon budgets for stream‐riparian corridors along six study reaches in mountain headwater streams of southeast Wyoming to evaluate the impact of tie‐driving, a historic disturbance legacy, on contemporary carbon storage. Detailed measurements of biomass were collected for in‐stream components of carbon including fine and coarse particulate organic matter and in‐stream large wood. Biomass was also estimated for riparian components including standing trees (live and dead), regenerating conifers, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation, downed wood, litter, and duff (partially decayed litter). Biomass was converted to carbon for all components and differences in storage were compared between tie‐driven and non‐driven reaches. Carbon content in riparian soils (to approximately 20 cm) was also measured. Twice the amount of carbon was stored in the riparian areas relative to the streams; most carbon was stored in standing trees (live and dead). While overall carbon storage within the riparian areas and streams were similar between disturbance conditions, the amount of carbon stored in large in‐stream wood and downed wood on the floodplain was significantly higher in systems that were not tie‐driven. The results of this study indicate that legacies of tie‐driving influence carbon storage within the region, while also capturing baseline estimates of carbon storage in the wake of recent bark beetle infestations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evapotranspiration and canopy characteristics of two lodgepole pine stands following mountain pine beetle attack

Over the past decade, British Columbia (BC), has experienced the largest mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak on record. This study used the eddy‐covariance (EC) technique to examine the impact of the MPB attack on evapotranspiration (E) and associated canopy characteristics of two lodgepole pine stands with secondary structure (trees, saplings and seedlings surviving the attack) located in central BC. MPB‐06, an 85‐year‐old almost pure stand of pine trees, was first attacked in 2006, and by 2010, ~80% of the trees had been killed. MPB‐03, a 110‐year‐old stand with an overstory consisting of over 90% pine and a developed sub‐canopy, was first attacked in 2003 and by 2007 had > 95% pine canopy mortality. EC measurements began in August 2006 at MPB‐06 and in March 2007 at MPB‐03, and continued for four years. Annual total E ranged from 226 mm to 237 mm at MPB‐06, and from 280 to 297 mm at MPB‐03, showing relatively little year‐to‐year change at both sites over the four years. Increased E from the accelerated growth of the surviving vegetation (secondary structure, shrubs and herbs) compensated for reduction in E due to the death of the overstory. Monthly average daytime canopy conductance, the Priestley–Taylor (α), and the canopy–atmosphere decoupling coefficient (Ω) steadily increased during the growing season reaching approximate maximum values of 5 mm s^?1, 0.75 and 0.12, respectively. Potential evapotranspiration was approximated using a vapour pressure deficit‐dependent α obtained at high soil water content. Calculated water deficits indicated some water‐supply limitation to the surviving trees and understory at both sites. Rates of root zone drainage during the growing season were low relative to precipitation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河中游大尺度植被冠层截留降水模拟与分析

大尺度植被冠层截留降水定量模拟与分析是揭示气候变化和人类活动综合作用下区域水沙变化机制的重要研究内容。以黄河中游河口镇—潼关区间为研究区,耦合遥感等空间数据与植被冠层截留估算模型,利用地面监测站点降水数据、GLASS叶面积指数遥感数据和地理信息空间分析技术,定量模拟和分析了黄河中游20 世纪80 年代以来3 个典型年份的地表植被冠层截留降水及其时空变化特征。结果表明：（1） 20 世纪80 年代以来,特别是20 世纪末实施的生态修复政策,使得黄河中游叶面积指数显著提高,植被覆盖明显改善;（2） 20 世纪80 年代以来,黄河中游植被冠层截留降水发生了明显变化,1984 年、1995 年和2010 年研究区植被冠层截留降水量区域年平均值分别为19.57 mm、13.66 mm和22.68 mm,截留率分别为3.24%、3.32%和4.92%;（3） 黄河中游植被冠层截留降水特征及其变化受降水特征和地表植被状况共同影响,其中,降水量是决定植被冠层截留降水特征的控制性因素,而叶面积指数年际变化是影响植被冠层截留降水特征变化的主要因素。     

季风与西风对青藏高原全新世气候变化的影响:同位素证据

青藏高原气候变化在冰期-间冰期、千年、十年际和季节尺度上受亚洲季风和西风环流的交互影响,表现出显著的区域性特征。然而全新世以来青藏高原气候变化的机制还不甚清楚,主要原因之一是缺少指示意义明确的古气候代用指标。课题组近年来利用叶蜡氢同位素(δDwax)重建了高原东北部的青海湖、中北部的令戈错、中部的达则错、西部的班公错和阿翁错不同时间尺度的大气降水同位素记录,本文对上述工作进行总结,并结合青藏高原全新世以来已发表的其他地点的同位素和古水文记录,揭示全新世以来季风与西风对青藏高原不同区域气候变化的影响。结果表明:1)早全新世青海湖、令戈错、班公错和阿翁错4个湖泊均主要受夏季风影响,夏季风可以影响到青藏高原的大部分地区,此时夏季风在青藏高原的最北界限可能位于青海湖以北、克鲁克湖以南。2)中全新世青海湖、班公错和阿翁错受夏季风影响逐渐减弱;然而令戈错在7.0~4.5 ka水汽主要来源于西风环流。3)晚全新世青海湖和班公错受季风的影响进一步减弱;西风在3.5~1.7 ka和2.0~1.0 ka分别影响到高原中部的令戈错和达则错;晚全新世阿翁错受冰川融水补给影响降水同位素异常偏负。4)本研究表明在中晚全新世季风较弱的时期,西风能够深入到青藏高原内部地区,给高原内部地区带来冷湿的水汽。     

同化叶面积指数和蒸散发双变量的冬小麦产量估测方法

同化遥感信息到作物生长过程模拟模型,是估测区域作物产量的重要方法之一。同化变量的选取对同化结果精度至关重要。本文在标定WOFOST作物模型参数的基础上,优化了WOFOST模型的默认灌溉参数。利用ET和LAI作为同化变量,分别构建了时间序列趋势信息的代价函数和四维变分代价函数;采用SCE-UA算法最小化代价函数, 重新初始化WOFOST模型初始参数——作物初始干物质重、作物35 ℃生命期和灌溉量。最后利用MODIS LAI产品（MCD15A3）、MODIS ET产品（MOD16A2）,同化到作物模型估测产量,并对比分析了水分胁迫模式下同化单变量（ET或LAI）和同化双变量（ET和LAI）的估产精度。结果表明：同化双变量ET和LAI的策略,优于同化单变量LAI或ET,双变量策略的冬小麦产量估测精度为R²=0.432,RMSE=721 kg/hm²;单独同化高精度LAI对提高估产精度具有重要作用,其冬小麦产量估测精度为R²=0.408,RMSE=925 kg/hm²;单独同化ET的趋势信息改善了WOFOST模型模拟水分平衡的参数,但是,产量估测精度（R²=0.013,RMSE=1134 kg/hm²）与模型模拟估测产量精度（R²=0.006,RMSE=1210 kg/hm²）相比改善效果有限。本研究为其他区域的遥感数据与作物模型的双变量数据同化的作物产量估测研究提供了参考价值。