Application of a cascading filter implemented using morphological filtering and time–frequency peak filtering for seismic signal enhancement

Inspired by the idea of the iterative time–frequency peak filtering, which applies time–frequency peak filtering several times to improve the ability of random noise reduction, this article proposes a new cascading filter implemented using mathematic morphological filtering and the time–frequency peak filtering, which we call here morphological time–frequency peak filtering for convenience. This new method will be used mainly for seismic signal enhancement and random noise reduction in which the advantages of the morphological algorithm in processing nonlinear signals and the time–frequency peak filtering in processing nonstationary signals are utilized. Structurally, the scheme of the proposed method adopts mathematic morphological operation to first preprocess the signal and then applies the time–frequency peak filtering method to ultimately extract the valid signal. Through experiments on synthetic seismic signals and field seismic data, this paper demonstrates that the morphological time–frequency peak filtering method is superior to the time–frequency peak filtering method and its iterative form in terms of valid signal enhancement and random noise reduction.     

Monitoring soil surface roughness under growing winter wheat with low-altitude UAV sensing: Potential and limitations

Soil surface roughness (SSR) is an important factor in controlling sediment and runoff generation, influencing directly a wide spectrum of erosion parameters. SSR is highly variable in time and space under natural conditions, and characterizing SSR to improve the parameterization of hydrological and erosion models has proved challenging. Our study uses recent technological and algorithmic developments in capturing and processing close aerial sensing data to evaluate how high-resolution imagery can assist the temporally and spatially explicit monitoring of SSR. We evaluated the evolution of SSR under natural rainfall and growing vegetation conditions on two arable fields in Denmark. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry was used to monitor small field plots over 7 months after seeding of winter wheat following conventional and reduced tillage treatments. Field campaigns were conducted at least once a month from October until April, resulting in nine time steps of data acquisition. Structure from motion photogrammetry was used to derive high-resolution point clouds with an average ground sampling distance of 2.7 mm and a mean ground control point accuracy of 1.8 mm. A comprehensive workflow was developed to process the point clouds, including the detection of vegetation and the removal of vegetation-induced point cloud noise. Rasterized and filtered point clouds were then used to determine SSR geostatistically as the standard deviation of height, applying different kernel sizes and using semivariograms. The results showed an influence of kernel size on roughness, with a value range of 0.2–1 cm of average height deviation during the monitoring period. Semivariograms showed a measurable decrease in sill variance and an increase in range over time. This research demonstrated multiple challenges to measuring SSR with UAV under natural conditions with increasing vegetation cover. The proposed workflow represents a step forward in tackling those challenges and provides a knowledge base for future research. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improving sustainability of urban drainage systems for climate change adaptation using best management practices: a case study of Tehran,Iran

Although the effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs) in reducing urban flooding is widely recognized, the improved sustainability achieved by implementing BMPs in upstream suburban areas, reducing downstream urban floods, is still debated. This study introduces a new definition of urban drainage system (UDS) sustainability, focusing on BMP usage to enhance system performance after adaptation to climate change. Three types of hydraulic reliability index (HRI) plus robustness and improvability indices were used to quantify the potential enhanced sustainability of the system in a changing climate, together with a climate change adaptability index (CCAI). The sustainability of UDS for the safe conveyance of storm-water runoff was investigated under different land-use scenarios: No BMP, BMP in urban areas, and BMP inside and upstream of urban areas, considering climate change impacts. Rainfall–runoff simulation alongside drainage network modelling was conducted using a storm-water management model (US EPA SWMM) to determine the inundation areas for both base-line and future climatic conditions. A new method for disaggregating daily rainfall to hourly, proposed to provide a finer resolution of input rainfall to SWMM, was applied to a semi-urbanized catchment whose upstream runoff from mountainous areas may contribute to the storm-water runoff in downstream urban parts. Our findings confirm an increase in the number of inundation points and reduction in sustainability indices of UDS due to climate change. The results present an increase in UDS reliability from 4% to 16% and improvements in other sustainability indicators using BMPs in upstream suburban areas compared to implementing them in urban areas.     

基于多元自回归样条的液化侧移灾害评估模型

为了将液化侧移计算方法本土化,本文基于Youd等人收集的液化侧移数据库,采用擅长处理复杂参数维度问题的多元自适应样条回归法（MARS）建立液化侧移计算模型。经验证,该方法建立的模型精度和可靠性都可以通过检验。本文主要内容包括：（1）在本土化过程中,本文选取峰值加速度PGA作为地震动参数,替代现有模型中的M和R,计算结果并未影响液化侧移计算精度;（2）在MARS方法进行建模过程中,对临空和缓坡两种情况的影响因素进行重要性程度计算和筛选;（3）建立两种情况下的液化侧移计算模型,并用F检验法和t检验以及新西兰2010—2011年系列地震中液化侧移数据进行检验,证明本文方法的合理性和可靠性。本文的结果能满足我国相关规范、工程师以及岩土地震工程防灾减灾等方面的需求,还可为地震液化侧移灾害小区划提供理论基础。     

自适应锚索锚固岩质边坡地震动力响应分析

强震作用下常规锚索往往会因材料变形能力不足导致应力过载而被拉断,一旦锚索失效将直接危及整个锚固结构的安全。为研究自适应锚索的动力响应规律以及在自适应锚索支护下锚固边坡的动力特性,以新型抗震锚索为原型,设计自适应锚索锚固岩质边坡试验模型,并利用振动台试验系统对试验模型进行加载。试验中采用正弦波、天津波、EI波以及Taft波等4种地震波进行研究,监测锚索的应变和边坡动力响应。结果表明：锚索的轴力和地震波幅值、类型、地震激励频率等因素密切相关;锚固边坡坡面加速度及位移沿边坡高程均有不同程度的放大,相对于无锚索支护边坡,锚固边坡坡面加速度和位移峰值均有减小;自适应锚索随着预设滑移恒阻力的不同,锚索会产生不滑移、瞬间滑移、逐步滑移3种工况,对应的锚索应变时程曲线和锚固边坡动力安全系数时程具有显著不同的特征;自适应锚索滑移工况下,滑体的安全系数虽然有局部减小的阶段,但是锚固结构的安全储备较大,可适应边坡大变形和瞬态冲击荷载的作用。试验结果可为强震区路堑边坡的支护和自适应锚索抗震设计提供一定参考。     

基于环形扫面测量的三维直流电阻率法任意各向异性模型响应特征

高精度地下任意各向异性介质电性分布特征识别是当前的热门研究课题。本文以国内外前人工作为基础,基于非结构化网格,利用基于梯度恢复的后验误差估计指导网格自适应细化过程,实现了直流电阻率法三维有限元数值模拟。通过与一维模型半解析解的对比,验证了本文算法的有效性。考虑到电各向异性介质在观测中存在视电阻率反常现象,本文采用了环形扫面测量方法。通过对几种典型各向异性模型的模拟分析,得到了相应的各向异性影响规律和识别特征,各向异性主轴电阻率之间的比值大小决定了椭圆型视电阻率极性曲线长轴与短轴的比值大小,主轴电阻率的旋转方向会改变视电阻率极性曲线的形状。本文的算法研究及数值模拟技术可为直流电法数据精细处理和解释提供技术支撑。     

南黄海西部2007年4月的逆温跃层

利用南黄海西部2007-04的温盐实测资料,采用海洋层结谱表达法及自适应识别,得到逆温跃层的"五点三要素",形成强度要素平面分布图.分析表明,逆温跃层的存在与黄海暖流水有直接的关系:1)4月份,黄海暖流水受到的海面冷却仍是产生逆温跃层的普遍原因,在该海区黄海暖流向北延伸和向两侧拓展的区域都有该种类型的逆温跃层存在,位置相对较浅;2)但在偏南的黄海暖流主干区,海面冷却产生的效应被主流区的热量补充所抵消,逆温跃层很弱甚至消失,这是该月份逆温跃层分布区向北退缩并在南部中心附近呈现缺失区的主要原因;3)南下的鲁北沿岸流水的冷水叠加在黄海暖流水的暖水上方,使逆温跃层加强,使得冷暖水的作用区成为强逆温跃层区;4)黄海暖流左侧冷沿岸流水及右侧冷水的前端向黄海暖流楔入,其前端往往覆盖在底层高温高盐的黄海暖流水上方形成下逆温跃层,从而形成双逆温跃层.这些特点,较以前认知更加客观、全面、细致和准确.     

Adaptive Observer Based Backstepping Controller Design for Dynamic Ship Positioning

Modified adaptive observer based backstepping control system for dynamic positioning of ship is proposed. As an improvement, the adaptive observer takes the first-order wave frequency model and the bias term which represent the slowly varying environmental disturbances and the unmodeled dynamics. Thus, the wave-frequency motions are filtered out, and only the reconstructed low-frequency motions are sent as inputs of the controller. Furthermore, as the ship dynamics parameters are unknown, the adaptive estimation law is designed for both the unknown ship dynamics and the unmeasured state variables. Based on the estimated states and parameters, backstepping controller considering the integral action is designed. Global exponential stability (GES) for the total system is proved using Lyapunov direct method. Simulation results show a good performance of the observer and control system.     

自适应卡尔曼滤波在航空重力异常解算的应用研究

依据航空重力测量基本原理,构建了航空重力异常解算的卡尔曼滤波模型,将新息自适应卡尔曼滤波器(IAE,Innovation based Adaptive Estimation)应用于量测噪声未知的航空重力异常解算.针对IAE滤波器滑动窗口宽度难以准确确定的问题,通过对多个不同滑动窗口新息协方差估计的加权平均,获得改进的IAE滤波器,该IAE滤波器不仅具有量测噪声自适应估计能力,还能实现滑动采样窗口的优化选取.试验结果表明,IAE滤波器可以降低因量测噪声统计信息不明引起的解算误差,改进IAE解算的重力异常误差约为1mGal.     

Mass rig system for shaking table tests of slender columns

A new mass rig system is proposed to minimize the deficiencies in current shaking table testing setups. This is accomplished by placing the inertial mass on a convex path designed to impose P‐Delta demands on slender cantilever columns. The design and performance of the mass rig system, and the principles used in deriving the equations of motion and their analytical validation against results obtained from shaking table tests, are presented. Formulation of the governing equations of motion was based on Lagrangian mechanics and solved using an implicit linear acceleration method with an adaptive time step formulation. Friction developed in the sliding system was also incorporated in the equations of motion. Experimental results validated the accuracy in the derivation and solution of the equations of motion. Validated by analytical and experimental results, P‐Delta effects were found to increase the displacement demands on slender columns in the low‐frequency range of acceleration input, while in the high‐frequency range P‐Delta effects led to no increase and in some cases even a reduction in displacement demands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.