Early Analogue Modeling Experiments and Related Studies to Today's Problems of Geo-electromagnetic Exploration

As I learned it from extensive geo-electromaguetic analogue modeling experiments, some specific nonconventional interpretation parameters, in certain conditions, give more detailed information about the geometry of subsurface resistivity inbomogeneities than the routinely used parameters. In this article, I show several examples, and I present how these early results influenced our later research. An enhanced geometric sensitivity may be due to special array geometry (as we call It "null array"), or it may be due to a narrow and very special frequency range (Le., the so-called "keyhole" range). Nonconventional but physically based interpretation parameters (like the Poyuting vector) or higher order invariants of resistivity or impedance tensors may also give useful additional information about the shape of subsurface bodies. One should be very careful in their application because a large part of these nontroditioual approaches are strongly constrained by measuring errors and geological noise.     

湖北省铜山口铜(钼)矿床成矿流体水岩反应数值模拟

湖北省铜山口铜(钼)矿床是一典型的夕卡岩 斑岩复合型矿床。通过对其流体包裹体的系统研究,确定了成矿流体的成分及温压条件;结合矿床学的研究,将成矿过程分解为两个平行的成矿阶段,即夕卡岩型矿化阶段和斑岩型矿化阶段。根据Johnson和Reed等人建立的水 岩反应模型,对该矿床的成矿流体与围岩的反应并析出金属沉淀的过程进行了数值模拟计算。结果表明:在斑岩型矿化阶段,成矿流体系统出现等焓减压沸腾过程并沉淀出大量的金属矿物,成矿流体分异为低盐度流体和高盐度流体;在夕卡岩型成矿阶段,沉淀出典型的夕卡岩矿物;在整个成矿过程中,成矿流体的pH值逐渐升高。模拟计算结果与实际地质现象非常吻合,说明所建立的水 岩反应模型可以为理解这一类复合型金属热液矿床的形成机制提供一个新的思路。     

Evaluation of distributed recharge in an upland semi-arid karst system: the West Bank Mountain Aquifer,Middle East

Assessment of recharge in a structurally complex upland karst limestone aquifer situated in a semi-arid environment is difficult. Resort to surrogate indicators such as measurement of spring outflow and borehole discharge, is a common alternative, and attempts to apply conventional soil moisture deficit analysis may not adequately account for the intermittent spate conditions that arise in such environments. A modelling approach has been made using the West Bank Mountain Aquifer system in the Middle East as a trial. The model uses object oriented software which allows various objects to be switched on and off. Each of the main recharge processes identified in the West Bank is incorporated. The model allows either conventional soil moisture deficit analysis calculations or wetting threshold calculations to be made as appropriate, and accommodates both direct recharge and secondary recharge. Daily time steps enable recharge and runoff routing to be calculated for each node. Model runs have enabled a series of simulations for each of the three aquifer basins in the West Bank and for the whole of the West Bank. These provide recharge estimates comparable to those prepared by earlier workers by conventional means. The model is adaptable and has been successfully used in other environments.     

The double solid reactant method: II. An application to the shallow groundwaters of the Porto Plain,Vulcano Island (Italy)

This paper presents an example of application of the double solid reactant method (DSRM) of Accornero and Marini (Environmental Geology, 2007a), an effective way for modeling the fate of several dissolved trace elements during water–rock interaction. The EQ3/6 software package was used for simulating the irreversible water–rock mass transfer accompanying the generation of the groundwaters of the Porto Plain shallow aquifer, starting from a degassed diluted crateric steam condensate. Reaction path modeling was performed in reaction progress mode and under closed-system conditions. The simulations assumed: (1) bulk dissolution (i.e., without any constraint on the kinetics of dissolution/precipitation reactions) of a single solid phase, a leucite-latitic glass, and (2) precipitation of amorphous silica, barite, alunite, jarosite, anhydrite, kaolinite, a solid mixture of smectites, fluorite, a solid mixture of hydroxides, illite-K, a solid mixture of saponites, a solid mixture of trigonal carbonates and a solid mixture of orthorhombic carbonates. Analytical concentrations of major chemical elements and several trace elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr and Ba) in groundwaters were satisfactorily reproduced. In addition to these simulations, similar runs for a rhyolite, a latite and a trachyte permitted to calculate major oxide contents for the authigenic paragenesis which are comparable, to a first approximation, with the corresponding data measured for local altered rocks belonging to the silicic, advanced argillic and intermediate argillic alteration facies. The important role played by both the solid mixture of trigonal carbonates as sequestrator of Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni and the solid mixture of orthorhombic carbonates as scavenger of Sr and Ba is emphasized.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001545

The presence of natural voids and cavities in subsurface karstic limestones causes severe problem for civil engineering and environmental management.The presence of such features hinders the extension of urbanizations particularly in the new metropolitan.The eastern part of Saudi Arabia contains various types of karstic limestone,sinkholes,solution cavities and voids.In this context,geophysical methods particularly electrical resistivity technique is used as a cost-effective solution for investigating subsurface caves,voids,and shallow weathered zones.2-D electrical resistivity data sets have been acquired along seven profiles in the new urbanization at Al Hassa area.Data processing has been carried out taking into consideration the response of synthetic models,which simulates physical models of the most common karstic features in the area.The results are very useful to determine the extension of shallow weathered zones and to locate different cavities underneath them.The hard limestone bedrock can also be detected and traced along the surveyed profiles.     

FLAC数值模拟软件及其在地学中的应用

FLAC是以拉格朗日差分法为基础的一种数值模拟应用软件,主要用于岩土力学工程。近年地质学家将其应用到地质构造和块体运动学、动力学研究中,以证实或证伪地球学家们提出的相关地球动力学模型。本文初步介绍了FLAC应用软件的基本原理、使用方法以及它在国内外地质学上的几个应用实例。     

基于Monte Carlo-BP神经网络TBM掘进速度预测

预测隧道工程中TBM掘进速度,主要有完全经验的、半理论半经验的模型和人工智能等方法,所用参数均为确定性的,未考虑参数存在的随机性,故导致预测结果的不准确性。基于此,提出了Monte Carlo-BP神经网络TBM掘进速度预测模型,着重考虑了一些重要输入参数的随机性, 其中输入参数重要性的大小通过粗糙集进行计算排序。采用Monte Carlo产生随机数时,由于参量的样本数据的有限,分布函数均采用阶梯形经验分布函数。如果采用的数据是来自不同类型的 TBM,则应当考虑机器性能参数,并重新对参数重要性进行排序。实例计算表明,Monte Carlo-BP神经网络模型预测结果和实测值总体趋势和均值比较一致。     

上新世中期中国气候的数值模拟分析

使用中国科学院大气物理研究所的全球大气环流模式,曾就上新世中期(距今约3百万年前)气候进行过数值模拟试验,在已有针对全球气候进行分析的工作基础上,集中研究了该地质时期我国气候的变化特征。数值试验结果表明,除了青藏高原地区由于地形海拔高度变化而引起的局地冷却现象以外,上新世中期我国约100°E以东地区地表气温上升4～8℃,升温中心位于江淮流域下游地区; 该经度线以西地区地表气温升幅相对要弱一些,在1～4℃之间。上新世中期年均降水在我国东部地区显著减少,平均减幅在0.5mm/天以上,特别是在长江中游地区; 新疆北部、青海和西藏大部年均降水略有增加,而新疆中部和南部年均降水略有减少。在对流层低层,上新世中期东亚冬季风系统减弱,夏季风系统总体上略有减弱; 在对流层中层,冬季东亚大槽显著减弱,夏季中高纬度地区500hPa位势高度升高。在以上结果中,上新世中期我国气候相对于现在偏暖、东亚冬季风强度减弱得到了代用资料的支持。     

"渗流-管流耦合模型"的物理模拟及其数值模拟

井孔 -含水系统问题是当今水文地质学最重要的研究课题之一。长期以来 ,水文地质模型中对井孔的刻画基本上都是引用“热传导”中的“线汇”理论 ,需要人工预先给定线汇 线源的流量或水头的分配 ,其正确性或适用性至今没有得到理论证明。陈崇希 (1993 )提出的“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”在理论上已解决多个水文地质问题 ,也用于几个实例 ,本文再用物理模拟检验其可靠性。论文针对具有典型意义的河床下水平井或傍河垂直井地下水流问题做了砂槽物理模拟 ,并用基于“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”的数值方法仿真模拟了此条件下地下水流的规律。成果表明 ,数值模拟观测孔水头动态相当好地再现了物理模拟结果。论文指出了“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”在井孔 -含水系统问题上的广泛应用前景。