Horizontal and vertical zones of influence for root systems of four Mojave Desert shrubs

Horizontal and vertical zones of influence for root systems of four Mojave Desert shrubs were characterized using ³²P as a nutrient tracer. Larrea tridentata's horizontal zone of influence was sparse near the plant's stem base, with a maximum probability of accessing ³²P (P_max) of 41%. However, its horizontal zone of influence extended beyond 5 m, and the distance from the stem base at which the probability of accessing ³²P was half P_max (L₅₀3 m) was significantly greater than the other three shrubs. Ambrosia dumosa's zone of influence was dense near the plant's stem base (P_max78%), but was rare at distances >2 m (L₅₀1 m). Zones of influence for Lycium andersonii and Lycium pallidum were intermediate between those of L. tridentata and A. dumosa. For vertical zones of influence, L. tridentata was more likely to obtain ³²P from 5 m soil depths than A. dumosa, but L. pallidum was not significantly different from either A. dumosa or L. tridentata. Horizontal zones of influence did not change with treatments that altered soil water and nitrogen availability, but vertical zones of influence increased with a flood irrigation treatment that increased water availability to 5 m soil depth. These differences among species likely reflect compromises between their shoot growth strategies and their need to acquire spatially and temporally limited soil resources, especially through competitive interactions.     

A comparison of the effectiveness of the roots of two grass species in reducing soil erosion on alluvial fans in south-east China

The effects of root systems on soil detachment by overland flow are closely related to vegetation types. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of two gramineous roots (Paspalum mandiocanum with shallow roots and Pennisetum giganteum with deep roots) on soil detachment capacity, rill erodibility, and critical shear stress on alluvial fans of benggang in south-east China. A 4-m-long and 0.12-m-wide flume was used. Slope steepness ranged from 9% to 27%, and unit flow discharge ranged from 1.39 × 10⁻³ to 4.19 × 10⁻³ m² s⁻¹. The mean detachment capacities of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands were 18% and 38% lower than that of bare land, respectively, and the effects of root on reducing soil detachment were mainly reflected in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer. The most important factors in characterizing soil detachment capacity were root length density and soil cohesion, and soil detachment capacity of the two grass lands could be estimated using flow shear stress, soil cohesion, and root length density (NSE = 0.90). With the increase in soil depth, rill erodibility increased, whereas shear stress decreased. The mean rill erodibilities of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands were 81% and 61% as much as that of bare land, respectively. Additionally, rill erodibilities of the two grass lands could be estimated as an exponential function by root length density and soil cohesion (NSE = 0.88). The mean critical shear stress of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands was 1.29 and 1.39 times that of bare land, respectively, and it could be estimated with a linear function by root length density (NSE = 0.76). This study demonstrated that planting of the two grasses P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum could effectively reduce soil detachment and enhance soil resistance to erosion on alluvial fans, with the deep roots of P. giganteum being more effective than the shallow roots of P. mandiocanum. The results are helpful for understanding the influencing mechanism of root systems on soil detachment process.     

Performance of the CMA-GD Model in Predicting Wind Speed at Wind Farms in Hubei, China

This study assesses the predictive capabilities of the CMA-GD model for wind speed prediction in two wind farms located in Hubei Province, China. The observed wind speeds at the height of 70m in wind turbines of two wind farms in Suizhou serve as the actual observation data for comparison and testing. At the same time, the wind speed predicted by the EC model is also included for comparative analysis. The results indicate that the CMA-GD model performs better than the EC model in Wind Farm A. Th...     

毛乌素沙地臭柏根系分布及根量

毛乌素沙地臭柏(Sabina vulgaris)灌丛根量、根系直径和分布特征的研究结果表明,臭柏根系分布深度可达2.0 m,水平延伸幅度达灌丛边缘以外1.0 m左右处;其根量主要集中在0~60 cm的土层内,占根系总量的60%~70%,呈倒金字塔型分布。根系直径以< 3 mm的细根居多,占剖面总根量的72%左右,集中分布在0~30cm的土层中。> 7 mm的粗根数量很少,占总根数的0%~5%。臭柏根量和直径分布特征依立地条件及土层深度的不同而异。     

概略坐标对GPS PWV解算的影响

利用GAMIT 10.6和2016年第101天至第160天南昌站的GPS观测资料,开展了13组概略坐标变化对GPS PWV解算的影响研究试验(南昌站概略坐标设置以10 m等间距从0~120 m逐渐向西偏移真实坐标)。其结果发现:当概略坐标与实际坐标偏离在60 m以内时,概略坐标的变化对GPSPWV的解算影响不大(长基线的相对误差和均方根残差NRMS分别维持在5.7×10~(-9)和0.24附近);但当概略坐标与真实坐标偏离超过60 m后,概略坐标的变化对GPS PWV的解算有着显著的影响,其中基线相对误差和GPS PWV与探空PWV的标准偏差随概略坐标偏离的增加而快速增大,NRMS和GPS PWV与探空PWV的相关系数也有明显的增加和减小,GPSPWV的成功解算日数则随概略坐标偏离的增加而快速减小(当偏离≥120 m时南昌无GPS PWV生成);概略坐标变化对基线相对误差、GPS PWV精度以及GPS PWV能否被成功解算的影响仅限于本站,某站概略坐标的偏离不会对其他站GPS PWV解算造成明显的影响。     

生物中碳氢化合物的结晶(英文)

生物和矿物体系的结构、功能和演化的比较分析与生物有机体中生命矿物的功能令人对生物世界矿物根的存在产生了怀疑。文章提出,应在非生物成因有序碳氢分子体系（硬沥青）中寻找前生物信息结构、基因之祖和原生有机体。前生物有机体的理想模型是纤维状黄绿蛭石,它是按照ＶＬＳ机制在伟晶岩的孔洞中结晶出来的,其形态、结构和成分与生物有机体十分相似。生命世界不是矿物世界转化的产物。生命世界和矿物世界都有共同的来源———非紧密离子分子体系,在该体系中,它们相互和谐作用,以不同的结晶机理发生和发展。生命作为统一的整体,作为复杂碳氢体系结晶作用的完整结果产生和演化,而不是偶然事件巧合或不同成因组分结合的结果。矿物和生物有机体的演化受控于共同的个体发生律。根据纤维状黄绿蛭石晶体的研究而提出的晶质原生有机体模型,消除了在创立统一的自然发生论概念（结构组织、大分子集合、继承机理、手性选择等等）方面的主要分歧和障碍。这就使把解决生命起源问题带入实验模拟层次成为现实     

太湖叶绿素a同化系统敏感性分析

太湖叶绿素a同化系统对于不同参数的敏感性将直接影响到该系统能否精确的估算太湖叶绿素a的浓度分布.利用2009年4月21日环境一号卫星(HJ-1B CCD2)影像数据反演太湖叶绿素a浓度场信息.以此作为背景场信息,结合基于集合均方根滤波的太湖叶绿素a同化系统,分析和评价了样本数目、同化时长、背景场误差、观测误差和模型误差对于同化系统性能的影响.结果表明:从计算成本、系统运行时间和同化效果等方面分析,当集合样本数目达到30~40左右时同化系统取得了较好的结果;同化系统对于背景场误差的估计变化不是很敏感,即初始场的估计是否准确对于同化系统的性能影响不是很大;同化系统对于模型误差和观测误差的变化较为敏感,不同的测试点位由于水体动力学性质不一,其敏感性的表现形式有所差异;利用数据同化方法可以有效地估算太湖叶绿素a浓度.     

Deep soil water dynamics in an undisturbed primary forest in central Amazonia: Differences between normal years and the 2005 drought

Understanding how Amazonian rainforests deal with extended droughts is critical in the face of changing climate. This research analyze the physical properties and the soil water dynamics of a deep soil profile in an area of primary forest in central Amazonia to elucidate these processes under drought and nondrought conditions. Physical soil properties derived from soil cores exhibited a distinctive layer between 480 and 880 cm deep, characterized by higher microporosity and low plant water availability. In situ soil moisture measurements collected during the period from January 2003 through February 2006 and for depths ranging from 10 to 1,430 cm suggest that, in the study site, the top 480 cm of the soil profile satisfied most of the transpirational demands in normal climatological years. However, during exceptionally dry periods, such as the 2005 drought, root uptake occurs below 480 cm. As concluded by previous studies, most of the uptake is concentrated in the first meter of the soil profile: More than 40% of the total demand for transpiration is supplied by the top meter of soil. Because deep root uptake occurred at greater depths than normal during the 2005 drought, our results suggest that this is a fundamental mechanism to cope with prolonged droughts.     

The effect of riparian tree roots on the mass‐stability of riverbanks

Plants interact with and modify the processes of riverbank erosion by altering bank hydrology, flow hydraulics and bank geotechnical properties. The physically based slope stability model GWEDGEM was used to assess how changes in bank geotechnical properties due to the roots of native Australian riparian trees affected the stability of bank sections surveyed along the Latrobe River. Modelling bank stability against mass failure with and without the reinforcing effects of River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) or Swamp Paperbark (Melaleuca ericifolia) indicates that root reinforcement of the bank substrate provides high levels of bank protection. The model indicates that the addition of root reinforcement to an otherwise unstable bank section can raise the factor of safety (F _s) from F _s = 1·0 up to about F _s = 1·6. The addition of roots to riverbanks improves stability even under worst‐case hydrological conditions and is apparent over a range of bank geometries, varying with tree position. Trees growing close to potential failure plane locations, either low on the bank or on the floodplain, realize the greatest bank reinforcement. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

联合Delaunay三角网的等高线群综合研究

采用"联合Delaunay三角网"来提取成组等高线的弯曲,在弯曲处利用平三角形连接法进行局部地形结构线的连接,并建立起地形结构线的树状结构。运用方根模型确定谷地选取的数量指标,并提出了一种新的数学模型以确定谷地选取的质量指标,完成等高线群的自动综合。研究和实验表明,该方法充分顾及了地貌形态特征,谷地选取合理,概括程度适当,并完全避免了相邻等高线相交,综合效果较好。