基于速度-深度线性模型的时深转换方法及其在南海海盆深水区的应用*

介绍了沉积层速度-深度线性模型的原理及其基本特点,利用沿南海海盆深水区一条多道地震剖面解释的速度谱资料,将沉积层速度-深度线性模型应用于该剖面解释数据的时深转换中,建立了与之相关的一整套工作流程,整个流程实现了可视化,并考虑了沉积地层速度的横向变化,为地震剖面的地质解释提供了直观且更为可靠的素材。最后,分别从理论和实践角度分析探讨了该时深转换模型的应用前景和局限性,借此为后续研究工作提供参考。     

An application of the deterministic variogram to design-based variance estimation

When estimating the mean value of a variable, or the total amount of a resource, within a specified region it is desirable to report an estimated standard error for the resulting estimate. If the sample sites are selected according to a probability sampling design, it usually is possible to construct an appropriate design-based standard error estimate. One exception is systematic sampling for which no such standard error estimator exists. However, a slight modification of systematic sampling, termed 2-step tessellation stratified (2TS) sampling, does permit the estimation of design-based standard errors. This paper develops a design-based standard error estimator for 2TS sampling. It is shown that the Taylor series approximation to the variance of the sample mean under 2TS sampling may be expressed in terms of either a deterministic variogram or a deterministic covariance function. Variance estimation then can be approached through the estimation of a variogram or a covariance function. The resulting standard error estimators are compared to some more traditional variance estimators through a simulation study. The simulation results show that estimators based on the new approach may perform better than traditional variance estimators.     

Crustal root beneath the highlands of southern Norway resolved by teleseismic receiver functions

Teleseismic data have been collected with temporary seismograph stations on two profiles in southern Norway. Including the permanent arrays NORSAR and Hagfors the profiles are 400 and 500 km long and extend from the Atlantic coast across regions of high topography and the Oslo Rift. A total of 1071 teleseismic waveforms recorded by 24 temporary and 8 permanent stations are analysed. The depth-migrated receiver functions show a well-resolved Moho for both profiles with Moho depths that are generally accurate within ±2 km.
For the northern profile across Jotunheimen we obtain Moho depths between 32 and 43 km (below sea level). On the southern profile across Hardangervidda, the Moho depths range from 29 km at the Atlantic coast to 41 km below the highland plateau. Generally the depth of Moho is close to or above 40 km beneath areas of high mean topography (>1 km), whereas in the Oslo Rift the crust locally thins down to 32 km. At the east end of the profiles we observe a deepening Moho beneath low topography. Beneath the highlands the obtained Moho depths are 4–5 km deeper than previous estimates. Our results are supported by the fact that west of the Oslo Rift a deep Moho correlates very well with low Bouguer gravity which also correlates well with high mean topography.
The presented results reveal a ca . 10–12 km thick Airy-type crustal root beneath the highlands of southern Norway, which leaves little room for additional buoyancy-effects below Moho. These observations do not seem consistent with the mechanisms of substantial buoyancy presently suggested to explain a significant Cenozoic uplift widely believed to be the cause of the high topography in present-day southern Norway.     

The Offset-Domain Prestack Depth Migration with Optimal Separable Approximation

The offset-domain prestack depth migration with optimal separable approximation, based on the double square root equation, is used to image complex media with large and rapid velocity variations. The method downward continues the source and the receiver wavefields simultaneously. The mixed domain algorithm with forward Fourier and inverse Fourier transform is used to construct the double square root equation wavefield extrapolation operator. This operator separates variables in the wave number domain and variables in the space domain. The phase operation is implemented in the wave number domain, whereas the time delay for lateral velocity variation is corrected in the space domain. The migration algorithm is efficient since the seismic data are not computed shot by shot. The data set test of the Marmousi model indicates that the offset-domain migration provides a satisfied seismic migration section on which complex geologic structures are imaged in media with large and rapid lateral velocity variations.     

A statistical model for foraminiferal paleobathymetry, with application to the middle Miocene of the Hokuroku district, Japan

A paleobathymetric Bayes estimator, based on a uniform prior distribution of foraminiferal species over the depth range from 0 to 5000 m, is developed and calibrated from the occurrence of 35 species of foraminifera from present day sites on the Pacific and Indian Ocean seafloors. The species are grouped into 12 clusters in order to more nearly satisfy the independence assumptions of the model. Objective depth-independent criteria are developed for ruling certain samples inadmissible for estimation. The accuracy of the estimator is assessed by comparing estimated and measured depths for the admissible calibration samples, yielding a mean absolute error of estimation of between 300 and 400 m. The depth estimator is applied to foraminifera-bearing Miocene samples from the Hokuroku district of Japan, where paleobathymetric depths of between 3000 and 4000 m are indicated at the time of massive sulfide ore formation.     

On Transpiration and Soil Moisture Content Sensitivity to Soil Hydrophysical Data

Sensitivity of evapotranspiration E and root zone soil moisture content θ to the parameterization of soil water retention Ψ(θ) and soil water conductivity K(Ψ), as well as to the definition of field capacity soil moisture content, is investigated by comparing Psi1-PMSURF and Theta-PMSURF models. The core of PMSURF (Penman–Monteith Surface Fluxes) consists of a 3-layer soil moisture prediction module based on Richard’s equation in combination with the Penman–Monteith concept for estimating turbulent heat fluxes. Psi1- PMSURF and Theta-PMSURF differ only in the parameterization of the moisture availability function F_ma. In Psi1,F_ma is parameterized by using Ψ(θ) and K(Ψ) hydrophysical functions; in Theta, F_ma is parameterized by using hydrophysical parameters: the field capacity θ_f and wilting point θ_w soil moisture contents. Both Psi1 and Theta are based on using soil hydrophysical data, that is, there is no conceptual difference between them in the parameterization of E even if in Psi1F_ma depends on 12 parameters, while in Theta only on two soil/vegetation parameters. Sensitivity tests are performed using the Cabauw dataset. Three soil datasets are used: the vG (van Genuchten), CH/vG (Clapp and Hornberger/van Genuchten) and CH/PILPS (Clapp and Hornberger/Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes) datasets. The vG dataset is used in van Genuchten’s parameterization, while in Clapp and Hornberger’s the CH/vG and CH/PILPS datasets are used. It is found that the consistency of soil hydrophysical data in the simulation of transpiration is quite important. The annual sum of E obtained by Psi1E^Psi1, differs from the annual sum of E obtained by Theta, E^Theta, because of the inconsistency between the fitting parameters of Ψ(θ) and K(Ψ) and the θ_f, and not because of the differencies in the parameterization of F_ma. Further, θ_f can be estimated not only on the basis of using soil hydrophysical functions (the θ_f so obtained is θ^Soil_f) but also on the basis of analysing the transpiration process (the θ_fso obtained is θ^tr_f). θ^tr_f values estimated from the condition E^Theta ≈ E^Psi1 are in acceptable accordance with the θ^Soil_f values proposed by Wösten and co-workers. The results are useful in optimizing the parameterization of transpiration in land-surface schemes.     

黄河干流兰州站与花园口站年径流序列协整分析研究

协整理论是经济计量学中处理非平稳经济时间序列常用的一种理论，具有模型可靠的优点。将其引入河川径流序列分析中，以黄河为例，通过单位根检验，获得平稳的河川径流序列，在此基础上，建立了误差修正模型，用于描述流域上下游径流间的协整关系。     

兰州市南北两山水热条件对侧柏根系分布的影响

根系是植物与外界环境进行物质和能量交换的主要场所之一,其分布特征反映了植物对环境的利用程度和适应性。试验采用土钻法研究了兰州地区的主要造林树种——侧柏的根系分布特性。结果表明：不同立地条件对侧柏根系分布特征有显著影响。阴坡根系分布比阳坡深,根系生长量比阳坡大,灌溉区根系分布比无灌溉区深;在无灌溉条件下向阳立地的根系集中分布在20～30 cm土层,向阴立地的根系集中分布在10～30 cm土层;在灌溉条件下向阳立地的根系集中分布在10～40 cm土层,向阴立地的根系集中分布在20～50 cm土层;向阳立地根系生长以Φ<1 mm为主,占所有根量的61.5％。向阴立地根系生长主要以Φ≥3 mm为主,占所有根量的68.5％。     

西安地区全新世古土壤下部木本植物根孔的发现与研究

在西安南郊和东郊全新世古土壤下部发现了许多木本根孔及充填物,根孔直径多为1~2cm,大者为5cm,分布深度达4m多。密集的木本根孔和其中乔木根孔的存在指示当时植被为繁茂的森林。根孔充填物的颜色、粒度和矿物组成均与全新世古土壤粘化层相同,表明充填物来自全新世古土壤。根孔以机械充填为主,后期有胶体化学充填。根孔的充填发生在全新世古土壤发育的中、后期,推测当时出现了气候突然变干的事件。根孔中分布深达2m左右的光性粘士胶膜指示全新世古土壤具森林土壤特征,当时年均降水量可达80.0mm左右。     

干旱区土壤小麦根系界面Pb、Ni行为的环境影响——以甘肃省白银市区污灌耕作土为例

对大田环境土壤小麦根系体系Pb、Ni行为环境影响的调查研究表明:同种元素的影响程度最大,共存元素对Pb、Ni行为的影响多表现为协同效应;Pb、Ni由土壤向根系迁移的趋势较弱;pH值、粘粒及粗粉砂粒含量与根系Pb含量呈负相关,P和砂粒含量与根系Pb含量呈正相关,其它分析因子值与根系Pb含量不相关;粗粉砂粒组成与根系Ni含量呈负相关,砂粒组成与根系Ni含量呈正相关,其它分析因子值与根系Ni含量不相关。多元逐步回归分析表明:Pb是影响根系同种元素吸收的主要因子,而Ni不是。