Establishing a transboundary network of marine protected areas: Diplomatic and management options for the east African context

International conservation efforts and cooperation are increasingly necessary, particularly at an ecoregion level, for the achievement of international targets for protecting biodiversity and degradation of ecosystems. Whereas more than 11 percent of land is protected, less than 1 percent of marine space is similarly protected. Transboundary networks of marine protected areas and transboundary marine protected areas (TBMPAs) are an essential form of cooperation for meeting these international targets. This paper explores the diplomatic and political options for regional and sub-regional cooperation between Tanzania, Mozambique, and South Africa, for the establishment of transboundary conservation mechanisms in the Eastern African Marine Ecoregion (EAME). Five options for the establishment and management of these mechanisms are presented, together with actions to be taken to facilitate cooperation. The paper deal with a proposed strategy for the implementation of transboundary conservation mechanisms, focusing on TBMPAs, between the three countries at a biogeographical/sub-regional level, supported by lessons learnt in other transboundary marine conservation experiences. The paper concludes that although political will may exist among States sharing borders to establish TBMPAs, the complexity of dealing with sub-regional realities is a difficult obstacle to overcome in a single step. The situation at each border must be taken into account in order that different multi-scale and multivariate solutions, supported by a common baseline will ultimately converge in a common trilateral framework. Finally, a two-step approach seems to be in course with the declaration (October 2009) of a TBMPA linking Ponta do Ouro in Mozambique to iSimangaliso Wetland Park in South Africa, following one of the options formerly presented.     

Alternatives of strategic environmental assessment for road traffic development planning—Case of Changchun City, China

On analyzing the achievement of the goal in the modern urban road traffic development planning, the alternative of Strategic Environmental Assessment for urban traffic planning should include the basic scheme, the extended scheme and the environmental protection scheme. This study from different perspectives designed the alternatives for Changchun's county-level road and urban road system planning, and used the method of System Dynamics to simulate, optimize and analyze those alternatives. Thereafter, some methods including the correlation function method were used to comprehensively assess and rank those alternatives for recommending two best alternatives with the consideration to the indicators, such as the total emission amount of CO, the total emission amount of nitrogen oxides, the noise value, the road construction cost, the fossil oil consumption and the traffic capacity. The result showed that the study would provide substantial supports for decision-makers to make more scientific decisions and promote the sustainable urban traffic in Changchun City.     

CASSIO4800计算器测量放样程序的应用及优化

详细介绍了在公路开挖放样中,CASSIO4800计算器的测量放样程序的应用,并结合实际工作经验对圆曲线放样程序进行了优化。     

地形TIN中地理实体表达与LOD技术

现有的LOD技术确保了3维地表的实时绘制,但其不能解决以地理实体为结构进行组织、具有实体表达能力的高精度、大规模地形TIN的3维可视化实时响应问题,仍经常发生场景滞涩、跳跃等现象。为此,本文从面向对象的角度出发,对地形TIN按实体进行组织,建立了OTIN,设计出实体包围球、高程误差队列等结构,可以确保以实体为单位的大规模地形TIN的实时绘制。     

南极长城站与IGS站组网解算的最佳站数探讨

GPS气象学在南极的应用中,南极长城站上空对流层天顶总延迟的解算精度直接影响该站上空的大气水汽含量的估算精度。本文运用麻省理工学院研制的高精度解算软件GAM IT/GLOBK,对引入不同数目的IGS跟踪站与南极长城站的GPS数据分别进行了组网解算,得出了该站上空的天顶总延迟,并解算了该站上空的可降水分,将其与实际降水进行了对比分析,得出了与南极长城站组网解算的最佳IGS跟踪站站数为3个。     

道路综合中基于骨架分割的道路密度分析(英文)

This paper proposes an algorithm for road density analysis based on skeleton partitioning. Road density provides metric and statistical information about overall road distribution at the macro level. Existing measurements of road density based on grid method, fractal geometry and mesh density are reviewed, and a new method for computing road density based on skeleton partitioning is proposed. Experiments illustrate that road density based on skeleton partitioning may reveal the overall road distribution. The proposed measurement is further tested against road maps at 1:10k scale and their generalized version at 1:50k scale. By comparing the deletion percentage within different density interval, a road density threshold can be found, which indicate the need for further operations during generalization. Proposed road density may be used to examine the quality of road generalization, to explore the variation of road network through temporal and spatial changes, and it also has future usage in urban planning, transportation and estates evaluation practice. Supported by the National 863 Program of China(No.2007AA12Z225), the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40771168).     

An ANN–RTS smoother scheme for accurate INS/GPS integrated attitude determination

Digital mobile mapping, the method that integrates digital imaging with direct geo-referencing, has developed rapidly over the past 15 years. The Kalman filter (KF) is considered an optimal estimation tool for real-time INS/GPS integrated kinematic positioning and orientation determination. However, the accuracy requirements of general mobile mapping applications cannot be easily achieved even when using the KF scheme. Therefore, this study proposes an intelligent scheme combining ANN and RTS backward smoother to overcome the limitations of KF and to enhance the overall accuracy of attitude determination for tactical grade and MEMS INS/GPS integrated systems.

基于K2结构学习算法的多光谱影像贝叶斯网络分类器

用基于启发式搜索的结构学习算法,学习得到多光谱影像的贝叶斯网络结构,分析了TM的波段（特征）间条件独立性假设的合理性,给出了贝叶斯推理中后验概率计算的公式,并通过和最大似然法对比试验分析了简单贝叶斯网络应用于多光谱影像分类的优势。     

径向基函数神经网络在计算天然气水合物饱和度中的应用研究

天然气水合物饱和度的计算通常采用阿尔奇公式、双水模型、Wood 方程等方法,这些方法均基于孔隙度的求取,并需要配合岩心分析来获得公式中的有关参数,存在误差传递导致结果不正确的问题.由于天然气水合物是以固态形式赋存于地层当中,因此研究适用于含天然气水合物储层的评价模型也是解决准确评价天然气水合物储层需考虑的因素.针对沿用油气测井评价方法计算天然气水合物的孔隙度和饱和度中存在的问题,采用径向基函数作为人工神经网络,计算了我国首次采获水合物样品的神狐海域某井天然气水合物的饱和度,以其中一口井的分析数据为样本训练并建立径向基函数神经网络,有效地求出了另一口井的天然气水合物饱和度,其结果与现场孔隙水分析的饱和度基本吻合.避开了天然气水合物饱和度的模型建立及参数求取难题.