Progress in the Research on Benefit-sharing and Ecological Compensation Mechanisms for Transboundary Rivers

Transboundary rivers have important geopolitical and geo-economic connotations, but riparian states of transboundary rivers are often driven by their own rapid population growth and economic development to be-come involved in regional conflicts about the development and use of water resources. Therefore, finding a balance between the need for fair and reasonable development of water resources and the effective protection of environment from an ecological perspective has become a major problem faced by the international community. This paper begins with consideration of international water laws related to transboundary rivers and then reviews advances in the research on benefit-sharing, ecological compensation mechanisms, and adaptive management systems. We believe that existing international water laws form a complete legal system and that more attention needs to be paid to transboundary cooperation and sustainable water resource use. With respect to how transboundary water conflicts are resolved, there is a trend to move away from single water resource allocation (a zero-sum game) to benefit-sharing in order to achieve a win-win situation for riparian states, but there are still some difficulties in transboundary ecological compensation. In China, the central government has paid attention to horizontal ecological compensation between upstream and downstream, offering guidance to promote establishment of inter-province ecological compensation. Based on existing practice, horizontal ecological compensations are still in their infancy, small in scale, supported by a weak legal system, lacking market mechanisms to encourage their use and relying on fiscal transfers as the method of payment. In the future, China will need to intensify its research on legal system development, international cooperation, and benefit-sharing as these impact transboundary water resources. Because government can be seen as a management department with multiple identities (enabler, regulator and buyer), to improve adaptive transboundary ecological compensation mechanisms, government must develop as soon as possible data sharing platforms, standards of water consumption behaviors and intergovernmental policies (or ordinances).     

湖南省饮用天然矿泉水资源潜力评价与开发利用区划

湖南省饮用天然矿泉水资源丰富、水质优良.本文从区域地质条件、水文地质条件以及矿泉水资源现状几个方面来选取评价因子,利用层次分析法构建评价指标体系,运用综合指数评价模型对湖南省饮用天然矿泉水资源潜力进行评价,最后根据评价结果划分了石门-慈利、张家界-永顺、绥宁等11个矿泉水资源高潜力区,石门-花垣等14个矿泉水资源较高潜力区,以及中等潜力区和低潜力区.此外基于资源潜力评价结果,结合市场潜力和开发利用经济技术条件两个方面,最后将全省区划为张家界-永顺矿泉水分布区、益阳-韶山-湘潭等4个矿泉水优先开发保护区,石门-慈利、隆回、绥宁等12个矿泉水重点开发保护区,以及远景开发保护区和限制开发保护区.     

近30a甘肃天水气候资源变化对杏产量影响评估

气候变暖导致气候资源配置发生变化,由此而引发的农业气象灾害导致果树作物发育进程、果树产量出现较大波动。利用统计学方法对甘肃天水近30 a气候资源变化对杏树产量影响研究和分析,得出20世纪90年代以来杏树花芽膨大、现蕾、开花期较80年代提前6~7 d,果实成熟期提前10 d左右;由此而引发的农业气象灾害以初秋9月下旬、后冬1月下旬至2月上旬、花前3月上旬温暖干旱气候和花果期4月上中旬低温干旱气候对杏树产量形成影响最大,年际变化除后冬干旱灾害呈明显加重趋势,为本世纪影响杏树产量形成的主要农业气象灾害外,其它灾害在本世纪虽略有减轻,但危害程度仍明显重于80年代;10 a平均气候产量动态相对偏差百分率90年代(与80年代相比)减少29.9个百分点,本世纪减少7.8个百分点。评估有灾17 a,实况(轻、中、中大和大灾) 16 a,评估准确率94%,其中中灾和中大灾害评估准确率均达100%,评估效果比较理想,对农业防灾减灾有一定的指导意义。     

基于A-T-R的旅游小城镇分类、评价与发展模式研究

在科学界定旅游小城镇基础上,梳理旅游小城镇的分类标准,确立一类基于核心吸引物（A）—小镇（T）—乡村环境（R）的新分类方法,将旅游小城镇分为AT一体、AT分离、A+T+R联动与ATR创意再造4种类型。结合旅游小城镇发展中的实际状态,依据A、T、R三类初始条件不同组合情况提炼出六大旅游小城镇的发展模式,为旅游小城镇深层次研究提供参考和依据,进一步推动旅游小城镇的健康发展。     

自然旅游资源规制中的资本霸权——基于广东南昆山温泉的个案研究

资源与权力密切相关,具有政治性。只有提升到社会建构层面来认知旅游资源内涵,才得以洞悉中国旅游资源规制发展演变的本质。以广东南昆山温泉为典型案例,通过实地调查、政府档案梳理和深度访谈等方法对南昆山温泉资源规制的权力和社会过程进行深度考察,以期透过南昆山温泉的典型案例形成对中国旅游资源规制更为深入的理解。研究表明,中国在旅游资源领域的市场化改革在最近30 a时间里建立起一套资本逻辑的话语霸权。在国家拟定的市场化路径下,个人（开发商）逐渐取代国家成为各地温泉资源规制的主角;地方政府与开发商的联合很大程度上主导了温泉资源地方规制的演变过程,进而导致了普遍的社会非正义的现象。要维护旅游资源开发中的正义原则,就需要破除国家与社会对发展的迷思,并借由普遍主义的阶级政治来抵抗不正义的资本积累过程。     

丝绸之路经济带资源、环境和经济格局与可持续发展模式（英文）

本文分析了丝绸之路经济带的资源、环境和经济格局,认为该格局有利于丝绸之路经济带沿线国家之间开展多领域、多层次的经济合作;在此基础上,论文提出了丝绸之路经济带主要经济合作模式和可持续发展道路,包括生态文明模式,区域经济一体化模式,交通经济带模式,国际旅游带合作模式;最后,论文总结了丝绸之路经济带实现可持续发展需要解决的关键科学问题,并提出了几个优先行动计划:建立丝绸之路经济带国际科学家联盟和思想库,建立丝绸之路经济带生态环境与可持续发展国际信息共享中心和科学决策支持系统,启动丝绸之路跨国科技交流合作与人才计划,建立丝绸之路经济带可持续发展国际合作委员会,建立应对气候变化和生态环境跨国共建、合作共赢机制。     

Geochemical characteristics of geothermal water in Weiyuan geothermal field,Huzhu County,Qinghai Province

According to the chemical composition of thermal water from Geothermal Well DR2010 located in the Weiyuan Geothermal Field of Huzhu County in Qinghai Province, the groundwater recharge, age and geothermal resource potential of the thermal water are discussed by using the methods of Langelier-Ludwig Diagram, isotopic hydrology and geochemical thermometric scale. The analysis results indicate that the Weiyuan Geothermal Field is located in the northern fringe of Xining Basin, where the geothermal water, compared with that located in the central area of Xining Basin, is characterized by greater water yield, shallower buried depth of thermal reservoir and easier exploitation. Due to its active exchange with the modern cold water, the thermal water here shows relatively younger age. These findings provide a hydro-geochemical evidence for the exploitation of Weiyuan Geothermal Field.     

基于输出反馈的建筑结构闭开环次优控制

对传统的结构抗震闭开环控制算法进行改进。基于地面运动自回归模型,采用Kalman滤波利用可以量测到的地面加速度激励对未来时段即将发生的地面加速度激励进行预估,并在微分方程的求解中引入精确高效的精细积分算法。考虑到实际控制中量测全部状态变量的困难,改进算法仅需量测部分状态变量。数值仿真表明,基于输出反馈的闭开环次优控制策略能大大降低结构的地震响应。     

How can the uncertainty in the natural inflow regime propagate into the assessment of water resource systems?

The Canadian Rocky Mountain headwaters support the water resource systems of the Canadian Prairies. Significant variations in natural headwater contributions have been observed due to warming climate. Projecting future natural headwater flows under climate change effects, however, has large uncertainty. First, there are difficulties in climate modeling and downscaling in alpine regions. Second, streamflow modeling in mountainous areas is extremely challenging. There is therefore a need to understand the effects of uncertainty in the natural inflow regime, and in particular how this translates into uncertainty in representing the state and the outflow of water resource systems. Considering the Oldman River basin in Alberta, Canada, we synthesized different inflow regimes based on site/inter-site properties of the historical inflow regime. The water resources system was then conditioned on the synthesized inflow regimes to identify the mechanisms of error propagation from the headwater streamflows to the water allocations. The results show that the response of the water resource system to the uncertainty in the generated inflow regime depends on the system state, flow condition and the component of interest. Generally, the response of the reservoirs to the uncertainty in the estimated inflow regime is more significant in dry years, in particular during low flow conditions. The response at the system outlet is rather different, as the propagation of the headwater uncertainty is more significant during high flow conditions. Also, similar inflow estimates in terms of error and uncertainty may result in different error and uncertainty estimates in the simulated outflows; therefore, lower bias and uncertainty in estimating the regional inflow regime does not necessarily mean lower bias and uncertainty in simulating the streamflow at the outlet of the system. Our results provide improved understanding of uncertainty propagation through complex water resource systems, but also portray the need for better climate and hydrological modeling in the Rocky Mountains for improved water management in the Canadian Prairies, particularly in the face of uncertain climate futures. This will be crucial if the natural headwater inflows decline and/or the system faces drought conditions.