Revisiting the death of geography in the era of Big Data: the friction of distance in cyberspace and real space

Many scholars have argued that the importance of geographic proximity in human interactions has been diminished by the use of the Internet, while others disagree with this argument. Studies have noted the distance decay effect in both cyberspace and real space, showing that interactions occur with an inverse relationship between the number of interactions and the distance between the locations of the interactors. However, these studies rarely provide strong evidence to show the influence of distance on interactions in cyberspace, nor do they quantify the differences in the amount of friction of distance between cyberspace and real space. To fill this gap, this study used massive amounts of social media data (Twitter) to compare the influence of distance decay on human interactions between cyberspace and real space in a quantitative manner. To estimate the distance decay effect in both cyberspace and real space, the distance decay function of interactions in each space was modeled. Estimating the distance decay in cyberspace in this study can help predict the degree of information flow across space through social media. Measuring how far ideas can be diffused through social media is useful for users of location-based services, policy advocates, public health officials, and political campaigners.     

Global rain-fed,irrigated, and paddy croplands: A new high resolution map derived from remote sensing,crop inventories and climate data

Irrigation accounts for 70% of global water use by humans and 33–40% of global food production comes from irrigated croplands. Accurate and timely information related to global irrigation is therefore needed to manage increasingly scarce water resources and to improve food security in the face of yield gaps, climate change and extreme events such as droughts, floods, and heat waves. Unfortunately, this information is not available for many regions of the world. This study aims to improve characterization of global rain-fed, irrigated and paddy croplands by integrating information from national and sub-national surveys, remote sensing, and gridded climate data sets. To achieve this goal, we used supervised classification of remote sensing, climate, and agricultural inventory data to generate a global map of irrigated, rain-fed, and paddy croplands. We estimate that 314 million hectares (Mha) worldwide were irrigated circa 2005. This includes 66 Mha of irrigated paddy cropland and 249 Mha of irrigated non-paddy cropland. Additionally, we estimate that 1047 Mha of cropland are managed under rain-fed conditions, including 63 Mha of rain-fed paddy cropland and 985 Mha of rain-fed non-paddy cropland. More generally, our results show that global mapping of irrigated, rain-fed, and paddy croplands is possible by combining information from multiple data sources. However, regions with rapidly changing irrigation or complex mixtures of irrigated and non-irrigated crops present significant challenges and require more and better data to support high quality mapping of irrigation.     

一种基于WiFi Direct技术的位置信息共享方法

当移动设备处于离线状态时,设备之间难以实现基于位置的信息共享。本文尝试利用Android设备搭载的WiFi Direct技术建立无线自组织网络的方法,实现了在该网络下位置信息的共享,并对该网络的性能进行了测试,同时考虑了设备中存在有设备与服务器连接时的信息共享情况。试验表明,该方法可在一定程度上解决因网络中断,设备之间不能进行位置等信息的共享或从服务器获取信息的问题。     

信息与通信技术对空间组织的影响及其空间效率的测算

为了更好地展示工业时代的空间组织模式,给出了一个包括时空背景、组织主体、组织客体、要素组成、要素状态、空间效率和技术7个部分的概念性框架;以该框架为基础,逐步分析了信息与通信技术对空间组织其他6个部分的具体作用;最后提出了一个判定空间组织效率的新视角。研究发现,信息与通信技术导致了传统空间组织模式的根本性重构,其对空间组织的影响是全方位的;在过去的30多年间,信息与通信技术对劳动生产率增长的贡献显著,这也证明了其作用下空间组织的高效率。     

基于分形理论的遥感蚀变异常提取和分级

分形理论研究自然界和社会活动中广泛存在的无序（无规则）而有自相似性的系统。在地球系统中,许多地学现象的空间展布具有分形结构。蚀变作为一种地质记录,其分布具有明显的不均匀性。同时蚀变也是一种异常,而分维与异常又往往具有一定的关系。利用分形理论的求和法（即像元亮度-面积模式）进行遥感蚀变异常的提取和分级较为有效,可以弥补传统的门限化方法和利用灰度直方图目视确定突变点方法的不足。     

浅析地质勘查单位网站建设

阐述了如何建设地勘单位网站,并对网站做了整体规划,在网站的功能设计与结构设计及其具体技术实现上进行了细致的描述。     

1975-2006年西藏羊卓雍错流域内湖泊水位变化对气候变化的响应

根据1975年地形图、1988年至2006年的TM、CBERS卫星遥感资料和1962-2006年逐年平均气温、降水量、蒸发量、相对湿度、风速和日照时数等气象资料以及1974-2005年的湖泊水位水文资料,对西藏羊卓雍错及其流域内的空姆错、沉错和巴纠错等4个湖泊的水位变化以及对气候变化的响应作了分析.结果表明:该区湖泊面积在近30 a来呈缓慢下降趋势,2005年与1975年相比,分别减少了46.55 km2、1.73km2、0.03 km2、6.01 km2,减少幅度分别为7.2%、4.3%、0.1%、13.6%.其主要原因是,由于羊卓雍错的湖水主要以降水补给为主,在降水增加、气温上升的情况下由于升温引起的湖泊蒸发效应超过降水增加导致的补给影响,是湖泊面积下降的主要原因.     

Estimating crop net primary production using national inventory data and MODIS-derived parameters

National estimates of spatially-resolved cropland net primary production (NPP) are needed for diagnostic and prognostic modeling of carbon sources, sinks, and net carbon flux between land and atmosphere. Cropland NPP estimates that correspond with existing cropland cover maps are needed to drive biogeochemical models at the local scale as well as national and continental scales. Existing satellite-based NPP products tend to underestimate NPP on croplands. An Agricultural Inventory-based Light Use Efficiency (AgI-LUE) framework was developed to estimate individual crop biophysical parameters for use in estimating crop-specific NPP over large multi-state regions. The method is documented here and evaluated for corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in Iowa and Illinois in 2006 and 2007. The method includes a crop-specific Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), shortwave radiation data estimated using the Mountain Climate Simulator (MTCLIM) algorithm, and crop-specific LUE per county. The combined aforementioned variables were used to generate spatially-resolved, crop-specific NPP that corresponds to the Cropland Data Layer (CDL) land cover product. Results from the modeling framework captured the spatial NPP gradient across croplands of Iowa and Illinois, and also represented the difference in NPP between years 2006 and 2007. Average corn and soybean NPP from AgI-LUE was 917 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ and 409 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. This was 2.4 and 1.1 times higher, respectively, for corn and soybean compared to the MOD17A3 NPP product. Site comparisons with flux tower data show AgI-LUE NPP in close agreement with tower-derived NPP, lower than inventory-based NPP, and higher than MOD17A3 NPP. The combination of new inputs and improved datasets enabled the development of spatially explicit and reliable NPP estimates for individual crops over large regional extents.     

A hybrid approach to modeling territorial control in violent armed conflicts

Territorial control is central to the understanding of violent armed conflicts, yet reliable and valid measures of this concept do not exist. We argue that geospatial analysis provides an important perspective to measure the concept. In particular, measuring territorial control can be seen as an application of calculating service areas around points of control. The modeling challenge is acute for areas with limited road infrastructure, where no complete network is available to perform the analysis, and movements largely occur off road. We present a new geospatial approach that applies network analysis on a hybrid transportation network with both actual road data and hexagon‐fishnet‐based artificial road data representing on‐road and off‐road movements, respectively. Movement speed or restriction can be readily adjusted using various input data. Simulating off‐road movement with hexagon‐fishnet‐based artificial road data has a number of advantages including scalability to small or large study areas and flexibility to allow all‐directional travel. We apply this method to measuring territorial control of armed groups in Sub‐Saharan Africa where inferior transport infrastructure is the norm. Based on the Uppsala Conflict Data Program's (UCDP) Georeferenced Event Data (GED) as well as spatial data on terrain, population locations, and limited transportation networks, we enhance the delineation of the specific areas directly controlled by each warring party during civil wars within a given travel time.     

旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态分异特征及其与网站功能的关系

应用10个样本旅游网站日均访问量的空间分布数据及网站功能资料,对样本旅游网站日均访问量与实际距离进行空间关系逆曲线拟合,进行距离衰减形态分异及其与网站功能相关性的研究.结果发现:1)旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态具有显著的波动性分异特征和地方性分异特征,随着旅游网站信息流距离衰减波动性分异特征从显著性到不显著性的变化,其距离衰减程度依次增强,其逆曲线衰减的符合程度依次上升;而随着旅游网站信息流距离衰减地方性分异特征由显著性到不显著性的变化,其距离衰减程度依次减弱,其逆曲线衰减的符合程度依次下降.表明不同网站间信息流距离衰减存在多样性变化.2)旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态的分异特征与旅游网站的主要功能之间关系密切:信息发布为主兼有预订功能的旅游网站距离衰减形态较为复杂;预订为主兼有信息发布的旅游网站和论坛为主的旅游网站距离衰减形态基本一致,波动性较小、地方性显著;政务为主的旅游网站距离衰减形态表现为波动性较大、地方性不显著的特征.依据旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态的规律,可指导旅游网站服务功能的建设和组织不同距离上的旅游流.