Regional Differences of China′s Urban Expansion from Late 20th to Early 21st Century Based on Remote Sensing Information

This study investigated the regional differences of China′s urban land expansion from the late 1980s to the year of 2008, based on the spatio-temporal analysis of CLCD (China′s land cover/land use database) datasets which were mainly produced from remote sensing imagery data. A newly defined urbanization level index (UI), based on urban land area, is proposed to describe Chinese urban expansion process at 1 kilometer, provincial, regional, and na-tional scales, together with the absolute urban expansion index (UEa) and the relative urbanization expansion index (UEr). The results indicate that the percentages of total land area occupied by urban in the late 1980s, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2008 were approximately 0.25%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.43% and 0.52% of China′s total land area, respectively. Between the late 1980s and 2008, the total urban expansion in the mainland of China was 2.645 × 104 km2, resulting in an annual urban expansion area of about 1322.7 km2/yr, with the UEr of 111.9%. This study also finds that there has been an obvious spatial gradient of urbanization ratio running from the east coast to the west inland, and the urbanization gaps among different regions have persisted over the past two decades. The study also reveals obvious temporal varia-tions of the urbanization rates. There was very little urban growth during the period of 1995-2000 due to the governmental policy factors.     

A new approach to measurement of regional inequality in particular directions

Regional inequality is a core issue in geography,and it can be measured by several approaches and indexes.However,the global inequality measures can not reflect regional characteristics in terms of spatiality and non-mobility,as well as correctly explore regional inequality in particular directions.Although conventional between-group inequality indexes can measure the inequality in particular directions,they can not reflect the reversals of regional patterns and changes of within-group patterns.Therefore,we set forth a new approach to measure regional inequality in particular directions,which is applicable to geographic field.Based on grouping,we established a new index to measure regional inequality in particular directions named Particular Direction Inequality index(PDI index),which is comprised of between-group inequality of all data and between-group average gap.It can reflect regional spatiality and non-mobility,judge the main direction of regional inequality,and capture the changes and reversals of regional patterns.We used the PDI index to measure the changes of regional inequality from 1952 to 2009 in China.The results show that:1) the main direction of China’s regional inequality was between coastal areas and inland areas;the increasing extent of inequality between coastal areas and inland areas was higher than the global inequality;2) the PDI index can measure the between-region average gap,and is more sensitive to evolution of within-region patterns;3) the inequality between the northern China and the southern China has been decreasing from 1952 to 2009 and was reversed in 1994 and 1995.     

Karst cave tourism system in Zhejiang Province based on resource regional analysis

Karst cave tourism plays an important role in the overall tourism of Zhejiang Province,China.In analyzing the current status of karst cave tourism resources,it is crucial to develop a scientific system for optimizing resource exploitation and tourism development in the future.This study conducted an analysis of resource characteristics and regional structure in Zhejiang Province.Nearest neighbor index(NNI) method and accessibility index method were used for a comprehensive understanding of the effects of scale,strength,combination,and accessibility of karst cave tourism resources.Results indicated that karst cave tourism resources in Zhejiang Province have a significant regional influence,and that resource quality and exploitation are diverse in different regions.Among the regions,Jinhua had the highest exploitation proportion of over 60% and the lowest NNI value of 0.098.Furthermore,regional analysis inferred that different karst caves demonstrate diversity in accessibility to tourism markets,among which the Lingshan Cave,Fengshui Cave,and Xianqiao Cave reveal the highest accessibility index of 2.41.Finally,we put forward a karst cave tourism system in Zhejiang Province based on the Growth Pole Theory and set up an overall scheme for karst cave tourism development.From a regional perspective analysis,the study refined the methods for regional resource research and provided a strategic proposal for karst cave tourism in Zhejiang Province.     

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Riparian vegetation dynamics across two different landscapes along the river Cauvery in the Kodagu region of Western Ghats

Decades of commercial planting and other anthropogenic processes are posing a threat to the riparian landscapes of the Cauvery river basin, which supports a high floral diversity. Despite this, the habitats in the upstream sections of the River Cauvery are still intact, as they are located in sacred groves. To understand the dynamism of riparian forests exposed to anthropogenic pressures, the upstream stretch of Cauvery extending from Kushalanagara to Talacauvery (~102 km) was categorized into two landscapes: agro ecosystem and sacred (i.e. preserved). The tree species were sampled using belt transects at 5 km intervals and the regeneration status of endemic species assessed using quadrats. A total of 128 species belonging to 47 families, and representing 1,590 individuals, was observed. Amongst them, 65% of unique species were exclusive to sacred landscapes. A rarefaction plot confirmed higher species richness for the sacred compared to the agro ecosystem landscapes, and diversity indices with more evenness in distribution were evident in sacred landscapes. A significant loss of endemic tree species in the agro ecosystem landscapes was found. Overall, this study demonstrates that an intense biotic pressure in terms of plantations and other anthropogenic activities have altered the species composition of the riparian zone in non-sacred areas. A permanent policy implication is required for the conservation of riparian buffers to avoid further ecosystem degradation and loss of biodiversity.     

基于统计模型识别气候变化对农业产量贡献的研究进展

从统计模型与作物机理模型的区别与联系出发, 介绍了识别气候变化对农业产量贡献的3 种主要统计模型, 即时间序列模型、截面模型和面板模型;综述了前人在站点和区域(全球、国家、省级、地区、县级) 尺度对这一问题的研究进展;总结了应用统计模型识别农业产量对气候变化响应敏感性的4 个主要问题, 包括时空尺度问题、产量的非气候趋势去除问题、气候要素间的自相关问题和忽略适应措施的问题;最后针对以上主要问题, 提出了改进建议及今后研究的发展趋势。     

中国转型期中心城市城乡关系演变

2000 年以来中国开始进入城乡互动与统筹发展的转型期。以中国中心城市为样本, 城乡经济增长与城市化为研究视角, 中心与外围区域为空间范围, 利用时间序列数据, 采用多元变量分析模型方法, 对中国区域中心城市城乡关系要素变化进行了动态分析, 建立了中心城市城乡关系模型, 划分了中国中心城市城乡关系地域类型。研究结果表明:中心城市外围县区的固定资产投资、经济总量、工业生产的增长速度开始超过中心市区, 经济要素过度集聚中心市区的格局发生转变。但中心城市外围县区的公共设施与基础设施供给能力与中心市区仍有较大差距, 公共设施与服务的非均等化是中国城乡统筹发展的关键性障碍因素。依据城乡要素中心市区与外围县区空间变化, 中国中心城市城乡关系可以划分为中心市区集聚型、外围县区快速成长型、中心外围相对均衡型、中心外围整体发展型等4 种类型, 反映出中国各中心城市城乡关系演变阶段、城乡结构特征与空间形态的地域差异变化。     

区域气候模式对中国沙尘天气气候特征的模拟研究

现有的沙尘天气数值预报模式多选用中尺度天气模式单向耦合起沙模式的方式,不适合用来模拟沙尘气溶胶的长距离输送过程,也无法研究沙尘气溶胶辐射效应对气象场的反馈及气候变化的影响。利用一个耦合沙尘模式的高分辨率区域气候模式,模拟了2001年中国北方沙尘天气爆发的时空分布特征。模拟结果与站点观测结果对比发现,模式能够较好地模拟出中国北方主要的沙尘源地分布及沙尘天气爆发的季节变率。分析不同粒径沙尘颗粒的垂直分布特征发现,沙源地表土壤粒子特征、地形对起沙颗粒的大小都有影响;直径超过5 μm的大粒子是北方沙尘天气的主要成分,而影响长江以南的沙尘天气主要以1 μm以下的小粒子为主。对沙尘传输路径的模拟结果和实况观测发现,来自于不同沙源的沙尘天气其影响的范围有显著差异,模式能够较好地模拟出中国主要沙尘传输路径。     

新疆区域经济差异时空演变特征分析

区域经济差异是经济发展过程中不容忽视的问题。通过基尼系数、人均收入差异系数、“崔王指数”、锡尔系数4种区域差异演化指数的计算,结合GIS空间分异和空间自相关分析,探讨了新疆区域经济差异的时空演变特征。结果表明:①新疆区域经济差异不断扩大,极化水平不断增强;南北疆内部区域经济差异与总体变化趋势一致,北疆内部、城市内部的经济差异对总体差异的作用显著。②区域经济发展的重心不断北移,极化中心基本显现;空间自相关高值区集中分布在天山北坡,低值区域不断扩大至整个南疆地区;北疆极化中心克拉玛依市“高-高”极化作用显著,乌鲁木齐市、鄯善县的“高-高”作用不显著,有待提升;南疆极化中心库尔勒市仅在改革开放初期“高-低”作用显著,近年来阿克苏市“高-低”作用显著,有望发展成为新的极化中心。     

区域旅游产业集聚与绩效的关系研究——基于中国31个省区的实证

利用Gini系数、E-G指数、行业地区集中度等产业集聚指标以及产业利润率、就业系数、劳动生产率等产业绩效衡量指标,基于2010年的截面数据,探究中国旅游产业集聚化发展及其与产业绩效之间的关系。结果表明:整体旅游产业的集聚程度较低,但产业内部各行业的区域集聚特征明显;旅游产业集聚程度的区域差异与区位条件差异具有较高的一致性;旅游产业集聚总体上对产业绩效的提高具有积极影响,其中,旅游产业集聚对产业利润率和劳动生产率的提高有显著的正向影响,但是对于就业机会的增加影响甚微。基于上述结论,提出相关政策建议。