Structure of the Mérida Andes, Venezuela: relations with the South America–Caribbean geodynamic interaction

For over 50 years, several models based on diverse geologic concepts and variable quality of data have been proposed to explain the major structure and history of the Mérida Andes (MA), in western Venezuela. Lately, this chain growth and associated flexural basins deepening have been related to incipient type-A subductions of either polarity, accounting for the across-chain asymmetry. However, these recent models have not well integrated the present tectonically active setting driven by neighboring major plate interactions. At present, this chain exhibits ongoing strain partitioning where cumulative right-lateral slip along chain axis is as much as half of, or about the same, as the transverse shortening since late Miocene, thus implying that the NNE-directed Maracaibo block extrusion with respect to the South America (SA) plate is not a secondary feature. Consequently, this paper discusses some limitations exhibited by the SE-directed continental subduction models—Maracaibo crust underthrusting the Mérida Andes—in the light of available geological and geophysical data. Besides, it is herein proposed that the Mérida Andes structuration is related to a NW-directed, gently dipping, incipient type-A subduction, where chain growth and evolution are similar to those of a sedimentary accretionary wedge (i.e., Barbados), but at crustal scale and with ongoing strain partitioning. This continental subduction is the SE portion of a major orogenic float that also comprises the Perijá range and the Santa Marta block.     

勉略宁三角区晚太古代结晶基底特征

本文通过对原鱼洞子群的系统研究,将其解作为以太古界表壳岩为主体的鱼洞子岩群和太古代TTG高级变质片麻岩套,认为本区太古代结晶基底为花岗-绿岩-高级变质表壳岩地体,指出本区太古代已存在类刚性板块构造。     

鄂尔多斯西南缘前陆盆地沉积物物源分析及其构造意义

前陆盆地充填沉积物中岩屑的分散形式和砂岩成分研究对确定物源区的逆冲事件、构造背景和与沉积物对应的物源层十分有效。通过对鄂尔多斯西南缘安口地区上三叠统沉积剖面系统采样测定发现，沉积物物源为一套变质碎屑岩和变质火山岩，为东祁连褶皱逆冲带中的陈家河组（Ｏ３ｃｈ）和葫芦河组（Ｚ－Ｏ２ｈｌ）。而西南缘千阳县上侏罗统砾岩物源为陇山群（Ｐｔ２ｌｎ）。上三叠统地层的物源分散形式为混合型，而上三叠统和上侏罗统两套地层统一的分散型式为倒序型，它是两期逆冲活动的沉积响应。根据鄂尔多斯西南缘安口地区上三叠统沉积物的ＱｍＦＬｔ端元成分作砂岩三角投影图，确定晚三叠世鄂尔多斯西南缘盆地性质为发育于碰撞造山带之前陆的前陆盆地。其物源为再旋回活动的褶皱逆冲断块     

里下河古潟湖相软土基本工程特性与形成机理的关系

淮盐高速公路穿越的里下河地区,广泛分布有高含水量、高压缩性古潟湖相软土,工程性质很差,该层软土的工程性质与里下河古潟湖的形成机理密切相关。本文在对潟湖形成一般模式总结的基础上,结合苏北地区第四纪以来沉积环境及区域地质地貌变化情况,得出里下河古潟湖相软土的形成机理,并对淮沿高速公路盐线典型地段土样工程性质进行分析,根据土的工程性质的垂直变化,判断古潟湖相软土的分布情况,进而寻找古潟湖相软土工程性质与其形成机理之间的关系。     

有机累托石的合成与特性研究

累托石是二八面体云母层与蒙脱石层1：1规间民支矿物，兼有云母和蒙脱三 某些特征。本文利用二甲基十八烷基羟乙基季铵盐与累托石进行阳离子交换反应合成有机累托石。并采用物理化学、X射线衍射、差热、热失重和红外吸收光谱等分析方法对它的特性进行了研究。经季铵盐复合处理后，累托放扣蒙脱石层间被有机阳离子覆盖，它的面网间距d001由原来的24.8°/A增至29.5°/A。累托石粘土亲水憎油性转变为憎水亲油性有机粘土后能在有机溶剂中膨胀和分散。它是一种有应用前景的新材料。     

贵州省第四纪河流阶地沉积分析

本文根据贵州河流阶地发育的情况,各级阶地沉积特征、形成时间、气候和贵州新构造活动等因素,将贵州河流阶地演化分为四个阶段进行讨论。同时,与青藏高原隆升时代进行了对比分析,提出贵州河流阶地形成与青藏高原隆升有密切的联系;同时根据其河流阶地的演化,提出贵州的河流阶地成因模式为构造-气候旋回模式。     

球面四元三角网的基本拓扑关系描述和计算

球面四元三角网具有多分辨率和层次组织的特性,已成为目前研究球面问题的有效方法之一。本文在此基础上,利用引入集合多算子和对称差的欧拉数,给出描述和计算球面栅格拓扑关系的四元组模型。该模型利用两空间目标间的交(∩)、差(\)、被差(/)和对称差(Δ)的内容是否为空来初步区分相离/相接、交叉、相等、包含/覆盖、被包含/被覆盖这五对拓扑关系。然后通过引入对称差的欧拉数来进一步区分传统模型难以区分的相离/相接、包含/覆盖和被包含/被覆盖这三对拓扑关系。     

A sedimentary facies model for stepped,fluvial tufa systems in the Iberian Range (Spain): the Quaternary Piedra and Mesa valleys

Stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses of the Quaternary tufa and associated deposits in the Piedra and Mesa river valleys allowed a number of stages of their sedimentary evolution to be characterized, and a depositional sedimentary model for this north‐central sector of the Iberian Range (Spain) to be established. The proposed sedimentary facies model may explain tufa arrangements in other medium to high gradient, stepped, fluvial tufa systems with narrow transverse profiles occurring in temperate, semi‐arid areas, in both recent and past scenarios. There are several tufa deposits within the Piedra and Mesa river valleys that, over a maximum thickness of about 90 m, record one or more stages of tufa deposition produced following the fluvial incision of the bedrock or previous tufa deposits. Each depositional stage begins with coarse detrital sedimentation. Six fundamental, vertical sequences of tufa facies with small amounts of detrital material reveal the sedimentary processes that occurred in different fluvial environments: channel areas with: (i) free‐flowing water; (ii) barrages and/or cascades; and (iii) dammed water and palustrine floodplains. The proposed sedimentary model involves narrow, stepped, fluvial valleys in which tufa cascades were common. Alternating intervals of bryophyte and stromatolite facies commonly formed at some cascades. Many of these represented barrage‐cascade structures that consisted of phytoclast rudstones, thick phytoherms of mosses and associated stromatolites, and curtain‐shaped phytoherms of stems. Upstream of these structures, dammed areas with bioclastic sands and silts developed and palustrine vegetation grew. The channel stretches between barrages and/or cascades were loci for extensive stromatolite growth in fast flowing water. The palustrine floodplain was home to pools and drainage channels. The model also explains the growth of some barrages in the River Piedra that surpassed the height of the divide, with the diffluence of the main channel into a secondary course forming other tufa deposits in the area. The distribution and abundance of certain types of tufa facies in fluvial basins may be an indicator of differences in their gradients. The facies studied in this work suggest that the gradient of the ancient River Piedra was steeper than that of the ancient River Mesa. Assuming similar scenarios for climate and hydrology, the depositional settings mentioned above and their dimensions would have been determined mainly by the gradient and width of the associated river valleys. This sedimentary model may also be useful for inferring variations in other river basin slopes, as well as accounting for the presence of tufas in areas that normally have no permanent water input.     

地下介质三维模型中界面的描述方法

介质模型可分为离散模型和连续模型，离散模型，使用规则网格或不规则网格将空间离散化，网格内介质参数不变，对连续模型，可用解析函数描述，或者由插值方法得到介质参数的空间分布，连续模型的描述，要素之一是界面的描述方法，本文借助计算机图形学和计算机辅助几何设计中发展起来的曲线和曲面技术，使用参数形式的Coons曲面、Bezier曲面、B样条曲面和三角形面片，描述三维地质构造,结合地震勘探采集系统设计的实际需要，给出一种三角形面片的模型描述方案。     

平面影像到QTM像元的转换算法及精度分析

平面影像数据到四元三角网(Quaternary Triangular Mesh,QTM)像元的转换是实现全球QTM格网影像无缝建模的首要任务。提出基于面积权的数据转换方法,给出不同类型的权重及格网值的计算,并利用ArcGIS中256级灰度的Wsiearth.tif图像数据分析了转换精度。结果表明:将4 km分辨率的影像数据转换到12层的QTM像元时,转换误差在0~2灰度内占96.27%,对一般应用的影响可以忽略不计。