新生界松散含水层抽水试验止水方法的研究——以祁东煤矿南部采区水文地质探查工程为例

两淮煤田绝大部分是被厚数百米的新生界松散层掩盖,其中含有若干个含水层,为掌握这些含水层的富水性和水文地质特征,需要对含水层进行抽水试验.新生界松散含水层抽水试验止水方法有多种,通过对祁东煤矿南部采区水文地质探查工程SQ9孔新生界底部“四含”抽水试验止水方法的研究,提出了一种简便而有效的止水方法.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部直罗油田长8油层油气沸腾包裹体群研究

运用激光拉曼光谱、包裹体充填度测定等方法对鄂尔多斯盆地直罗油田富南3井、6井长8油层裂缝岩芯充填物中包裹体群进行分析,发现富南3井、6井与英旺油田英16井长8油层中油气沸腾包裹体群完全相同,密集分布的气泡不停晃动,证实油气沸腾包裹体群不是孤立的、偶然的地质现象。富南3井、6井和英16井长8油层裂缝岩芯的原始裂缝性质为滑动-剪切裂缝和剪切裂缝,在区域构造的作用下,反复发生拉张-挤压交替活动;在拉张发生的瞬间,与裂缝沟通的油层里的原油发生减压沸腾,原油中的轻质馏分和其他流体进入裂缝空间;在随后的挤压发生时,裂缝基本封闭,一部分流体返回原来的油层,一部分被挤到别的裂隙空间形成新的油藏;残留在裂缝里的碳酸钙,在较高的地层压力下逐渐结晶,并把残留的轻质馏分包裹,形成油气包裹体;这些油气包裹体形成压力较高,又包裹着成分类似液化气的轻质馏分,在常温常压下就处于沸腾状态;这样的过程反复进行,在裂缝充填物中形成了沿着晶体生长线以及成片、成带分布的油气沸腾包裹体群。上述油气沸腾包裹体群的形成过程就是油气的地震泵运移机制,丰富了油气运移地震泵地质模型。     

Groundwater mixing in a sand-island freshwater lens: density-dependent flow and stratigraphic controls

This paper focuses on a small back-barrier sand-island on the southeast coast of Queensland. The freshwater lens in the study area exhibits anomalously high short-range salinity gradients at shallow depths, which cannot be explained using a standard seawater intrusion model. The island groundwater system consists of two aquifers: a semiconfined aquifer hosting saline to hypersaline groundwater and an overlying unconfined freshwater aquifer. The deeper aquifer is semiconfined within an incised paleovalley, and groundwater flow is restricted to an east – west direction. Tidal response observations show that the tidal signal propagates far more rapidly and is of much higher magnitude in the semiconfined aquifer than the unconfined aquifer. The tidal wave-pulse amplitude is also subject to greater attenuation in the unconfined aquifer. A conceptual hydrogeological model illustrates how upwelling of hypersaline groundwater, induced by density-dependent flow and tidal pumping, has contaminated the shallow groundwater resource. Salinisation at shallow depths is restricted to an area proximal to the paleovalley aquifer. The spatial distribution of lithological heterogeneity is an initial limiting control on the movement of the upwelling saline plume. The extent of shallow groundwater contamination is also limited by the presence of a baroclinic field, resulting from lateral variations in fluid density. Hydrochemical signatures have been used to support the model hypothesis and link the salinisation of fresh groundwater with the semiconfined aquifer as opposed to the surrounding estuarine surface water. The geometry and thickness of the freshwater lens are further controlled by the presence of the largely impermeable bedrock paleosurface between 9 and 12 m depth. The combination of hypersaline groundwater and hydraulically restrictive lithology at shallow depths has produced excessive thinning of the freshwater lens, demonstrating that the application of a model such as the Dupuit – Ghyben – Herzberg relationship would grossly overestimate the available groundwater resource.     

淄博市王旺庄水源地地下水开采预测的数值模拟

王旺庄水源地是淄博市晴纶工程的后备水源地,设计供水能力20000m^2／d。利用Ritz有限元数值分析方法。结合单纯性线性规划,在完成了对山东省淄博市临淄区王旺庄一朱台地段的淄博市腈纶工程水源地的水文地质模型建造的基础上,成功地对水源地进行地下水开采模拟,同时对该水源地的未来10年开采作了两种大气降水条件下的地下水动态预测。为腈纶工程水源地地下水开采提供了充分的设计依据。     

巢湖凌家滩遗址古人类活动的地理环境特征

通过对巢湖凌家滩文化遗址的野外勘查、采样和室内磁化率、烧失量、化学元素及光释光年代分析,结合巢湖湖泊岩芯记录的中全新世环境特征、研究区较高分辨率遥感影像和文物考古成果,综合研究表明:古凌家滩人生活于中全新世气候适宜期,其文化的发展和繁荣处在气候由温暖湿润向温和略干转换的过渡阶段;晚更新世末期堆积形成的地面(OSL年代11.6 ±1.0 ka B.P.)是古凌家滩人生活的地貌面,本区古地貌面海拔以及拔河高度与现今不同,这与该区新构造运动沉降和气候-水文因素作用有关;中全新世温暖湿润的气候条件下,太湖山南麓台地被进一步切割为山前长条形岗地与河流相间的地貌形态,遗址所在的长岗岗地是东、西、南三面临水的"半岛"环境,河川相连,便于水运交通、渔猎和水稻种植。     

人工抽水引起土洞扩展条件的分析

土洞的形成与扩展是产生覆盖型岩溶地面塌陷的前提条件之一。为研究人工抽水引起的岩溶地面塌陷的机理,用解析法分析了土洞扩展的条件,提出了剥落力的概念,认为土洞的扩展条件是剥落力大于土体抗拉强度。土洞周边不同的点,受抽水引起的剥落力是不同的。随着土洞的不断扩大,剥落力增大。当土洞一旦开始向外围扩展,由于剥落力越来越大,土洞呈现发展趋势。     

海洋磁力仪的原理与技术指标对比分析

针对现今世界市场上海洋磁力仪产品型号较多、技术指标复杂、应用范围不尽相同,产品的选用存在一定困难等问题,分别介绍了3种不同类型的磁力仪的工作原理,具体对比分析了各种磁力仪的技术指标,并简单介绍了磁力仪的应用及梯度仪组合方式。结果表明标准质子旋进式海洋磁力仪灵敏度较低,存在进向误差,但无死区,价格最为低廉,适合于对灵敏度要求不高的工程和科研地球物理调查。0verhauser海洋磁力仪的灵敏度高,无进向误差,无死区,价格便宜,适合于大多数工程和科研地球物理调查。光泵式海洋磁力仪灵敏度和采样率最高,梯度容忍度最大,但存在死区和进向误差问题,适用于高精度的海洋磁力梯度调查和航空磁力调查。分析结果显示：各种类型的磁力仪各有优势,具体选用应以具体情况而定。     

Comparative ecophysiology of active zoobenthic filter feeding, essence of current knowledge

The present contribution gives an overview of current knowledge of a comprehensive and steadily growing research field. The first section deals with water pumping and particle retention mechanisms in ciliary and muscular filter feeders. The second section examines the biological filter pumps in order to assess adaptation to the environment. Filter-feeding benthic invertebrates have evolved filter pumps to solve common basic problems. This has led to a large degree of similarity between otherwise distant standing species, which makes comparative studies interesting and important. The present review of zoobenthic filter feeding aims at accentuating such recognition.     

裂隙-管道介质泉流域水文地质模拟试验

为了深入认识岩溶泉流域的流量过程影响因素和作用机制,以西南岩溶泉流域水文地质概念模型为原型,建立了实验室尺度下的裂隙-管道介质物理模型和数值模型。选取补给雨强、泉口直径、落水洞与开采井的位置作为影响因子,模拟了泉流量过程。试验结果表明:单次降水试验可以观测得到泉流量增加、平稳波动和衰减共三个阶段;同一泉口直径条件下,补给强度对泉流量衰减系数的影响极小,直径为3,4,5,7 mm的泉口直径对应的衰减系数分别为0.003 6,0.006 7,0.011 5,0.012 9,泉口直径与衰减系数呈近似对数关系;落水洞汇流水量占泉流量的比例远大于裂隙;2~3 mm是微小裂隙与较大裂隙的过渡区域,两种类型的介质泉流量过程差异明显;开采井分别位于泉口附近、模型中间位置和落水洞时,泉流量衰减系数依次减小。     

典型隔水边界非稳定流承压含水层抽水试验研究

隔水边界附近的承压含水层,即半无限区域的承压含水层参数的准确求取对于特定地段的地下水资源量计算具有重要意义。以高密市柴沟镇小于家庄抽水试验为例,详细阐述了隔水边界附近的承压含水层参数求取过程,并对结果进行较为详尽的讨论。