Nonlinear images of scatterers in chirped pulsed laser beams

The bandwidth and the duration of incident pulsed beam are proved to play important roles in modifying the nonlinear image of amplitude-type scatterer. It is found that the initially positive chirp-type bandwidth can suppress the nonlinear image, while the negative one can enhance it, and that both effects are inversely proportional to the incident pulse duration. Numerical simulations further demonstrate that the location of nonlinear image is at the conjugate plane of the scatterer and that, for negatively pre-chirped pulsed beam, the nonlinear image peak intensity can be higher than that in the corresponding monochromatic case under certain conditions. Moreover the effect of group velocity dispersion on nonlinear image is found to be similar to that of chirp-type bandwidth.     

An Improved Ekman Layer Approximation for Smooth Eddy Diffusivity Profiles

The Ekman boundary-layer model is extended analytically for a gradually varying eddy diffusivity K(z) ≥ 0, z ≥ 0. A solution for the Ekman layer is provided having similar structure to the constant-K case; that is, exponentially decaying sine functions for the two horizontal wind components. The analytical asymptotic solution compares well with its numerical counterpart for various K(z). The result can be useful in theoretical studies such as Ekman pumping, for efficient estimation of the Ekman layer profiles in various analyses with near-neutral stratifications, or for a rapid initialization of mesoscale models.     

泵吸反循环灌注桩钻进泵量选择的探讨

砂石泵泵量的选择是泵吸反循环钻孔灌注桩钻进工艺的关键,通过公式演算,提出泵吸反循环钻孔灌注桩钻井泵量的选择方法。     

Large seasonal changes in the recharge of seawater in a subterranean estuary revealed by a radon tracer

Activities of radon (²²²Rn) in groundwater were continuously monitored in a saline aquifer from September 2010 to July 2011. The activities of ²²²Rn ranged from 200 to 4300 Bq m^?3, with a large seasonal variation. Because the activity of ²²²Rn in seawater is low, ²²²Rn in saline groundwater must be produced in the aquifer from radium (²²⁶Ra) in rocks and sediments. The ²²²Rn activities were higher in the warm‐dry seasons (September–November 2010 and April–May 2011) when the saline aquifer was stable. In contrast, the lowest ²²²Rn activities were observed in the cold‐dry season (December 2010 and January–March 2011), because of the effective exchange between groundwater and seawater. In addition, sudden decreases of ²²²Rn activities coincided with episodic drops in groundwater temperatures. These results reveal that lower seawater temperature in winter may result in density‐driven seawater intrusion. During the wet season (June–July 2011), ²²²Rn activities were more clearly affected by semi‐monthly and diurnal tidal pumping, showing higher ²²²Rn activities during low and spring tides. Such a tidal effect was not clearly observed during the warm‐dry and cold‐dry seasons. This result implies that the residence time of SGD in coastal zones is significantly affected by seasonal changes in driving forces such as tidal pumping and seawater intrusion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using MODFLOW code to approach transient hydraulic head with a sharp‐interface solution

Saltwater intrusion problems have been usually tackled through analytical models because of its simplicity, easy implementation and low computational cost. Most of these models are based on the sharp‐interface approximation and the Ghyben–Herzberg relation, which neglects mixing of fresh water and seawater and implicitly assumes that salt water remains static. This paper provides insight into the validity of a sharp‐interface approximation defined from a steady state solution when applied to transient seawater intrusion problems. The validation tests have been performed on a 3D unconfined synthetic aquifer, which include spatial and temporal distribution of recharge and pumping wells. Using a change of variable, the governing equation of the steady state sharp‐interface problem can be written with the same structure of the steady confined groundwater flow equation as a function of a single potential variable (?). We propose to approach also the transient problem solving a single potential equation (using also the ? variable) with the same structure of the confined groundwater flow equation. It will allow solving the problem by using the classical MODFLOW code. We have used the parameter estimation model PEST to calibrate the parameters of the transient sharp‐interface equation. We show how after the calibration process, the sharp‐interface approach may provide accurate enough results when applied to transient problems and improve the steady state results, thus avoiding the need of implementing a density‐dependent model and reducing the computational cost. This has been proved by comparing results with those obtained using the finite difference numerical code SEAWAT for solving the coupled partial differential equations of flow and density‐dependent transport. The comparison was performed in terms of piezometric heads, seawater penetration, transition zone width and critical pumping rates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桩孔内反复抽排地下水诱发地面塌陷成因分析及防治对策

某大桥位于贵州省中部一岩溶槽准谷内,上覆第四系土层厚3～12m,下伏基岩为灰岩和白云岩,地下水埋深0～2m,采用人工挖孔桩基础,以中等风化基岩作为地基持力层,设计86根桩,桩间距3～10m,施工期间,由于反复抽排地下水导致场地周边出现多处岩溶塌陷。本文在实地调查的基础上论述了其形成机制,并对类似工程提出了防治对策。     

Monitoring of drawdown pattern during pumping in an unconfined physical aquifer model

In this study, we attempted to analyse a drawdown pattern around a pumping well in an unconfined sandy gravelly aquifer constructed in a laboratory tank by means of both experimental and numerical modelling of groundwater flow. The physical model consisted of recharge, aquifer and discharge zones. Permeability and specific yield of the aquifer material were determined by Dupuit approximation under steady‐state flow and stepwise gravitational drainage of groundwater, respectively. The drawdown of water table in pumping and neighbouring observation wells was monitored to investigate the effect of no‐flow boundary on the drawdown pattern during pumping for three different boundary conditions: (i) no recharge and no discharge with four no‐flow boundaries (Case 1); (ii) no recharge and reservoir with three no‐flow boundaries (Case 2); (iii) recharge and discharge with two no‐flow boundaries (Case 3). Based on the aquifer parameters, numerical modelling was also performed to compare the simulated drawdown with that observed. Results showed that a large difference existed between the simulated drawdown and that observed in wells for all cases. The reason for the difference could be explained by the formation of a curvilinear type water table between wells rather than a linear one due to a delayed response of water table in the capillary fringe. This phenomenon was also investigated from a mass balance study on the pumping volume. The curvilinear type of water table was further evidenced by measurement of water contents at several positions in the aquifer between wells using time domain reflectometry (TDR). This indicates that the existing groundwater flow model applicable to an unconfined aquifer lacks the capacity to describe a slow response of water table in the aquifer and care should be taken in the interpretation of water table formation in the aquifer during pumping. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自然因素、抽水因素与岩溶塌陷的关系

文章从岩溶发育、土层存在和地下水活动 3个方面论述自然因素、抽水因素在岩溶塌陷的形成过程中所起的作用 ,认为自然因素是决定岩溶塌陷的因素 ,抽水因素是加速岩溶塌陷的因素     

光抽运铯原子束频标的二级多普勒频移研究

结合光抽运铯束频标的具体结构,论证了用余弦傅里叶逆变换的方法推导原子速度分布的可行性;用该理论对实验系统测量的Ramsey花样进行了分析,得到铯束管中有效原子真实的速度分布,该速度分布与铯束管的具体结构对速度的要求相一致;通过速度分布精确计算了影响光抽运铯束频标准确度的重要因素——二级多普勒频移,其大小为-3．5×10-13。     

Quartz age extension applied to SE Asian cover sands

A significant feature of the surface sediments of southeast Asia is a regionally extensive layer of distinctive red, quartz-rich, cover sand observed throughout Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand, and further afield. In many locations, these cover sands immediately overlay a laterite layer containing tektites, known as the Muong Nong type, associated with a large meteorite impact between 750 and 800ka in Indochina. Sections of these cover sands at sites in Thailand, Laos and Vietnam have been investigated using field and laboratory profiling, and quartz SAR procedures. In some locations the sections consist of a layer of low-sensitivity quartz with saturated signals overlain by a visibly indistinguishable layer of high-sensitivity quartz with ages less than c. 35ka. Further work has been undertaken to attempt to extend quartz luminescence dating for the older materials, including samples associated with the tektites, using thermally stimulated or transferred luminescence to access traps that are expected to saturate at higher doses. Luminescence was recorded during sample heating and hold, giving thermoluminescence (TL-ramp) and isothermal decay (ID) data, in addition to optically stimulated luminescence after the transfer (Thermally Transferred Optically Stimulated Luminescence, TT-OSL) measurements. These measurements have produced equivalent dose values of up to 250Gy, and ages of 70–125ka, for these older materials, which is significantly younger than would be expected from the association with the tektites. Investigation of the traps associated with these signals has produced properties consistent with prior investigations, suggesting that these are not sufficiently stable at environmental temperatures above 25 °C to permit age extension using these methods.