倾斜各向异性地层中多分量电磁波测井响应三维时域有限差分（FDTD）算法

利用三维时域有限差分技术（FDTD）研究建立倾斜各向异性地层中多分量电磁测井响应的数值模拟算法.首先,利用Yee氏交错差分格式和线性内插公式对各向异性介质中时域Maxwell方程进行离散化,得到各向异性介质中各个交错节点上电磁场的时域递推公式,同时将面积加权平均与旋转矩阵技术相结合确定各个网格节点的等效电导率张量,此外,单轴各向异性吸收边界条件（UPML）被用于降低求解区域外边界反射.在此基础上,利用单频正弦磁偶源计算时域电磁场空间分布以及特殊的双方程算法（2E2U）从数值结果中快速提取电磁场幅度和相位,确定多分量电磁测井仪器的三维响应.最后,通过数值结果证明该算法的有效性,并系统考察不同层厚、地层倾角以及侵入带半径等变化对多分量电磁测井响应的影响.     

干涉走时微地震震源定位方法

本文基于地震波场干涉原理,建立了干涉走时微地震震源定位方法.该方法将两个接收点相对于一个微地震事件的走时差(称为干涉走时)的扰动作为残差函数,通过迭代求解最小残差函数,最终获得震源的空间位置.干涉走时震源定位方法利用两个接收点的到时差消除发震时刻未知和速度模型误差的影响,简化了震源定位算法.数值计算表明,本文提出的干涉走时定位方法在速度模型有误差的情况下仍然可以获得准确的微地震震源定位.     

淘汰落后产能的产业转型政策在典型工业行业的节能效果分析

利用我国2011-2015年典型产业淘汰落后产能数据,研究了通过淘汰落后产能实现产业结构减排的净能源节约量,评价了不同行业在节能中发挥的作用,分析了全国范围内典型产业转型能源节约量的动态变化情况。估算结果表明：2011-2015年淘汰落后产能的年净能源节约量分别为1357.77万、1245.70万、1067.32万、981.42万和483.70万tce,期间累计净能源节约预期达到5135.91万tce;电力、水泥、造纸、炼铁、焦炭、炼钢和铁合金7个行业部门2011-2015年累计淘汰落后产能净能源节约量之和占到20个行业部门净能源节约量的90%;河北省、山东省和山西省淘汰落后产能能源节约量最为突出,占全部能源节约量的近28%。     

联合多代卫星测高和多源重力数据的局部大地水准面精化方法

本文研究了基于泊松小波径向基函数融合多代卫星测高及多源重力数据精化大地水准面模型的方法.分别以沿轨垂线偏差和大地水准面高高差作为卫星测高观测量,研究了使用不同类型测高数据对于大地水准面建模精度的影响.针对全球潮汐模型在浅水区域及部分开阔海域精度较低的问题,引入局部潮汐模型研究了不同潮汐模型对于大地水准面的影响.数值分析表明:相比于使用沿轨垂线偏差作为测高观测量,基于沿轨大地水准面高高差解算得到的大地水准面模型的精度更高,特别是在海域区域,其精度提高了2.3cm.由于使用沿轨大地水准面高高差作为测高观测量削弱了潮汐模型长波误差的影响,采用不同潮汐模型对大地水准面解算的影响较小.总体而言,船载重力及测高观测数据在海洋重力场的确定中呈现互补性关系,联合两类重力场观测量可以提高局部重力场的建模精度.     

Application of a perfectly matched layer in seismic wavefield simulation with an irregular free surface

Recently, an effective and powerful approach for simulating seismic wave propagation in elastic media with an irregular free surface was proposed. However, in previous studies, researchers used the periodic condition and/or sponge boundary condition to attenuate artificial reflections at boundaries of a computational domain. As demonstrated in many literatures, either the periodic condition or sponge boundary condition is simple but much less effective than the well‐known perfectly matched layer boundary condition. In view of this, we intend to introduce a perfectly matched layer to simulate seismic wavefields in unbounded models with an irregular free surface. We first incorporate a perfectly matched layer into wave equations formulated in a frequency domain in Cartesian coordinates. We then transform them back into a time domain through inverse Fourier transformation. Afterwards, we use a boundary‐conforming grid and map a rectangular grid onto a curved one, which allows us to transform the equations and free surface boundary conditions from Cartesian coordinates to curvilinear coordinates. As numerical examples show, if free surface boundary conditions are imposed at the top border of a model, then it should also be incorporated into the perfectly matched layer imposed at the top‐left and top‐ right corners of a 2D model where the free surface boundary conditions and perfectly matched layer encounter; otherwise, reflections will occur at the intersections of the free surface and the perfectly matched layer, which is confirmed in this paper. So, by replacing normal second derivatives in wave equations in curvilinear coordinates with free surface boundary conditions, we successfully implement the free surface boundary conditions into the perfectly matched layer at the top‐left and top‐right corners of a 2D model at the surface. A number of numerical examples show that the perfectly matched layer constructed in this study is effective in simulating wave propagation in unbounded media and the algorithm for implementation of the perfectly matched layer and free surface boundary conditions is stable for long‐time wavefield simulation on models with an irregular free surface.     

Modified image algorithm to simulate seismic channel waves in 3D tunnel model with rugged free surfaces

The existence of rugged free‐surface three‐dimensional tunnel conditions in the coal seams, caused either by geological or mining processes, will inevitably influence wave propagation characteristics when the seismic waves go through the coal mines. Thus, a modified image algorithm has been developed to account for seismic channel waves propagating through this complicated topography with irregular free surfaces. Moreover, the seismic channel waves commonly exhibit damped and dispersive signatures, which is not only because of their own unique sandwich geometry of rock–coal–rock but also because of the viscoelastic behavior of coal. Considering the complexity of programming in three‐dimensional tunnel models with rugged free surfaces, an optimized vacuum grid search algorithm, enabling to model highly irregular topography and to compute efficiently, is also proposed when using high‐order staggered finite‐difference scheme to simulate seismic channel wave propagations in viscoelastic media. The numerical simulations are implemented to investigate the accuracy and stability of the method and the impact of coal's viscoelastic behavior on seismic channel wave propagation characteristics. The results indicate that the automatic vacuum grid search algorithm can be easily merged into high‐order staggered finite‐difference scheme, which can efficiently be applied to calculate three‐dimensional tunnel models with rugged free surfaces in the viscoelastic media. The simulation also suggests that the occurrence of a three‐dimensional tunnel with free surfaces has a remarkable influence on the seismic channel wave propagation characteristics and elastic energy distribution.     

四川木里小震群活动特征研究

本文通过对四川木里地区地震震源位置的重新确定,反演了较大地震震源机制解,结果显示：①重定位后的小震群震中分布成带状,地震震源深度分布在0—12km范围内;②经过对震群空间分布进行仔细分析,认为其发震构造是小金河断裂西侧的一条NWW向分支断裂;③3次4.0级以上地震震源参数存在明显差异,浅源逆冲事件表现有受垂直方向应力（重力）作用的特征,走滑事件表现出与区域应力构造活动有关。     

地壳流变结构控制作用下的龙门山断裂带地震发生机理

青藏高原东缘低地形变速率的龙门山断裂带上相继发生了2008汶川M_w7.9级地震和2013芦山M_w6.6级地震.地震勘探与震源定位结果揭示了龙门山区域地震空间分布特征：纵向上,龙门山断裂带这两次地震主震均发生在龙门山断裂带上地壳的底部（14~19 km）,绝大部分余震均发生在上地壳范围（5~25 km）,而在其中、下地壳深度范围内鲜见余震发生;横向上,地震（M_w>3）在龙门山断裂带青藏高原一侧密集分布且曾有大震发生,而四川盆地地震稀少（M_w>3）.为探讨龙门山断裂带地震发生机理,并解释以上龙门山区域地震空间分布特征,本文建立了龙门山断裂带西南段跨芦山地震震中区域的四种不同流变结构的龙门山断裂带三维岩石圈模型,以地表GPS观测资料为约束边界条件,数值模拟龙门山断裂带岩石圈在数千年以上长期匀速构造挤压作用下的应力积累特征,探讨了地壳分层流变性质对地壳应力积累的影响,分析了该区域地震空间分布与构造应力积累速率的关系.计算结果表明：该区域在数千年的应力积累过程中,脆性上地壳中应力表现近于恒定值的线性增长趋势,龙门山断裂带上地壳底部出现应力集中积累现象,这一应力集中现象可以解释龙门山断裂带汶川地震与芦山地震主震的发生,及其大部分余震在脆性上地壳中的触发;青藏高原一侧上地壳应力积累速率远远高于四川盆地的应力积累速率,这一应力积累分布现象可以解释龙门山区域青藏高原一侧地震密集而四川盆地地震稀少的地震空间分布特征;通过比较不同流变结构模型中的应力积累状态,认为导致这一应力积累空间分布状态的重要控制因素在于青藏高原中、下地壳较低的黏滞系数与四川盆地中、下地壳较高的黏滞系数的差异.在柔性的中、下地壳内,应力增长近于指数形式,稳定状态之后其应力增长速率近于零,构造应力积累难以达到岩石破裂强度,因而鲜见地震发生.地壳各层位的应力增长率差异与地震成层分布的现象共同揭示了龙门山区域岩石圈分层流变结构：脆性上地壳、韧性中、下地壳（青藏高原一侧较弱,四川盆地一侧较强）、韧性岩石圈上地幔.     

Three-dimensional numerical analysis of magma transport through a pre-existing fracture in the crust

Magmas are transported through pre-existing fractures in many repeatedly erupting volcanoes. The study of this special process of magma transport is fundamentally important to understand the mechanisms and conditions of volcanic eruptions. In this paper, we numerically simulate the magma propagation process through a pre-existing vertical fracture in the crust by using the combined finite difference method (FDM), finite element method (FEM) and discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) approach. FDM is used to analyze magma flow in the pre-existing fracture, FEM is used to calculate the opening of the fracture during magma intrusion, and DDA is used to deal with the contact of the closed fracture surfaces. Both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) examples are presented. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the influence of various physical and geometric parameters on the magma transport in the pre-existing fracture. We have considered magma chamber depth ranging from 7 km to 10 km under the crust surface, magma viscosity ranging from 2 × 10⁻² to 2 × 10⁻⁷ MPa s, and the density difference between the magma and host rock ranging from 300 to 700 kg/m³. The numerical results indicate that (1) the fluid pressure p varies gradually along the depth, (2) the shape of the magma body during propagation is like a torch bar and its width ranges from 2 m to 4 m approximately in the 3D case and 10 m to 50 m in the 2D case for the same physical parameters used, (3) the crust surface around the pre-existing fracture begins to increase on both sides of the fracture, forms a trough between them, then gradually uplifts during the transport of the magma, and finally takes the shape of a crater when the magma reaches the surface. We have also examined the influence of physical and geometric parameters on the minimum overpressure for magma transport in the 3D case. The numerical results show that our numerical technique presented in this paper is an effective tool for simulating magma transport process through pre-existing fractures in the crust.     

岱海断陷带地区地震重新定位研究

采用双差定位,对岱海断陷带及周边地区2008-2013年地震事件进行重新定位及震源深度研究。重新定位后地震在空间分布上更加集中,部分地震有向构造带趋近的变化,较多地震呈簇集状出现于多条断裂的交汇部位,西南段地震较活跃,不同部位地震数目有明显差异,构造活动存在分段特征,震源密集地区的分布走向明显,可以推测,岱海断陷带西南端存在东西走向和东南走向的发震构造。震源深度结果表明,地震震源深度集中在5-15 km,均值为7 km。岱海断陷带西南段地震震源深度大于东北段,反映地壳厚度不均匀。