基于雷击分类体系的雷电电位差效应分析

鉴于雷击分类目前缺乏完整的体系,根据雷击危害方式对雷击进行了综合研究,将间接雷击分为两大类,由此提出了"雷电电位差效应"。对雷电反击、雷电地电位上升、雷电旁侧闪络等效应进行了阐述,并单独对接触电压和跨步电压进行分析。介绍了雷电电位差效应的防护方法,对安全距离做了说明。研究了雷电电位差效应与人身伤害的关系。分析表明:雷电电位差效应主要包括雷电反击、雷电地电位上升、雷电旁侧闪络以及与人身伤害有关的接触电压和跨步电压;雷电电位差效应的防护方法主要包括躲避、等电位连接和保持足够的安全距离。     

Difference in the Interdecadal Variability of Spring and Summer Sensible Heat Flux over Northwest China

The present study investigates the difference in interdecadal variability of the spring and summer sensible heat fluxes over Northwest China by using station observations from 1960 to 2000. It was found that the spring sensible heat flux over Northwest China was greater during the period from the late 1970s to the 1990s than during the period from the 1960s to the mid-1970s. The summer sensible heat flux was smaller in the late 1980s through the 1990s than it was in the 1970s through the early 1980s. Both the spring and summer land-air temperature differences over Northwest China displayed an obvious interdecadal increase in the late 1970s. Both the spring and summer surface wind speeds experienced an obvious interdecadal weakening in the late 1970s. The change in the surface wind speed played a more important role in the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux during the summer, whereas the change in the land-air temperature difference was more important for the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux in the spring. This difference was related to seasonal changes in the mean land-air temperature difference and the surface wind speed. Further analysis indicated that the increase in the spring land surface temperature in Northwest China was related to an increase in surface net radiation.     

Spectra and vegetation index variations in moss soil crust in different seasons,and in wet and dry conditions

Similar to vascular plants, non-vascular plant mosses have different periods of seasonal growth. There has been little research on the spectral variations of moss soil crust (MSC) over different growth periods. Few studies have paid attention to the difference in spectral characteristics between wet MSC that is photosynthesizing and dry MSC in suspended metabolism. The dissimilarity of MSC spectra in wet and dry conditions during different seasons needs further investigation. In this study, the spectral reflectance of wet MSC, dry MSC and the dominant vascular plant (Artemisia) were characterized in situ during the summer (July) and autumn (September). The variations in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), biological soil crust index (BSCI) and CI (crust index) in different seasons and under different soil moisture conditions were also analyzed. It was found that (1) the spectral characteristics of both wet and dry MSCs varied seasonally; (2) the spectral features of wet MSC appear similar to those of the vascular plant, Artemisia, whether in summer or autumn; (3) both in summer and in autumn, much higher NDVI values were acquired for wet than for dry MSC (0.6 ∼ 0.7 vs. 0.3 ∼ 0.4 units), which may lead to misinterpretation of vegetation dynamics in the presence of MSC and with the variations in rainfall occurring in arid and semi-arid zones; and (4) the BSCI and CI values of wet MSC were close to that of Artemisia in both summer and autumn, indicating that BSCI and CI could barely differentiate between the wet MSC and Artemisia.     

利用凹凸体判断柯坪块体地震危险性

将柯坪块体作为研究对象,利用最大似然法进行b值计算,并结合利用双差定位法对柯坪块体上发生的M_L≥1.6地震重定位后的结果,寻找沿柯坪块体主要断裂带的凹凸体。研究发现,柯坪块体上发生地震的震中主要沿断裂带分布,沿柯坪塔格逆断裂带存在凹凸体,该区域虽已发生大地震,但依然处于高应力水平,因此初步判定沿柯坪塔格逆断裂带仍存在发生地震的危险性。     

湖南省地市经济差异综合评价及分区研究

文章运用主成分分析的数理统计方法,选择14项指标,对湖南省地市经济发展水平的区域差异进行了综合评价和区域聚类划分。评价结果表明:湖南各地市的经济发展水平存在明显差异,可划分为5个层次。在此基础上,文章还提出了实现地市经济协调发展的对策:重视经济发展效率;坚持"点-轴"开发模式,优化空间开发结构;加快长株潭发展极产业一体化发展步伐等。     

二维圆柱坐标下FDTD法对多频电磁波测井的数值模拟

在介质围绕Z轴旋转对称的情况下,三维直角坐标下的麦克斯韦方程可变成两组分别对应TM波和TE波的二维柱坐标下的偏微分方程.采用线圈作为电磁波测井的发射器和接收器的时候,可采用TE波对应的方程,这时相当于磁极子的情况.而采用电偶极子作为发射和接收器的时候,则对应TM波的方程.采用时间和空间均为二阶精确的有限差分方法,将偏微分方程进行差分化.这样,空间的电磁场可由时间域有限差分法(FDTD)来求解.     

辽宁省积雪对自动气象站观测地气温差的影响

利用1971—2016年辽宁省61个气象站气温、地表温度、积雪日数和积雪深度资料,分析了积雪的保温作用及其对地气温差的影响。结果表明：更换自动站前后地表温度观测方式的差异导致地气温差显著增大,地气温差的增大程度受所在区域积雪日数、积雪深度的影响显著。在积雪期较长、积雪较厚的地区,积雪引起反照率增大,使得雪面温度降低,导致雪气温差减小,而雪的保温作用使得地气温差显著增大。因此,更换自动站前地（雪）气温差与积雪日数呈显著负相关,而更换自动站后地气温差与积雪日数呈显著正相关。各台站之间地气温差随积雪深度的变化系数差异较大,为0.045~0.858 ℃?cm^-1,在年平均积雪日数＜40 d、年平均极端积雪深度＜10 cm的区域,积雪的保温作用随积雪深度增大而显著增大;在年平均积雪日数＞40 d、年平均极端积雪深度＞10 cm的区域,10 cm以下的积雪对土壤保温作用随积雪深度增大显著,当积雪深度＞10 cm后,其保温作用随积雪深度增大的幅度明显减小。     

饱和软土大应变自重固结非线性分析

饱和软土的自重固结涉及许多复杂的非线性问题,而现有分析方法一般基于线性假设,将固结控制方程简化,在沉降变形较大的情况下并不合理。基于Gibson大变形固结方程,推导在单面排水和双面排水条件下的边界条件,综合考虑饱和软土的自重特性与非线性压缩、渗透关系,采用稳定性较好的Crank-Nicolson型差分格式离散并求解非线性控制方程,并从孔隙比、沉降、孔隙水流速3个方面将数值解与CS2固结数值模型进行对比验证。结合工程实例,研究土层不同初始厚度和初始孔隙比对自重固结的影响。结果表明：初始厚度与初始孔隙比较大土层最终沉降也较大。与传统方法相比,该方法所得出的数值解精度较高,实现了高度非线性固结方程的快速求解,其成果更能广泛运用于实际工程的分析之中。     

基于NAD算法的声波方程时间四阶差分解法

波动方程数值模拟是研究地震波传播机理的重要工具,有限差分求解波动方程是当前地震波数值模拟的主要方法之一。当地下介质中的地震波速度较低或地震波高频成分丰富时,常规有限差分技术常常产生严重的数值频散误差,这种误差会降低数值模拟的精度,影响对地震波传播机理的分析。为压制地震波数值模拟时产生的数值频散误差,提高波场模拟精度,提出了基于NAD算子的时间四阶精度波动方程差分格式。根据对应的差分格式,分析了该差分格式的数值频散关系。与常规四阶精度差分算法的频散曲线相比,基于NAD时间四阶精度差分方法不但能够实现时间频散的有效压制,同时其基于更多网格点的位移分量和位移梯度分量空间微分求解方法还能够实现空间频散的有效压制。另外在相同模型条件下,基于NAD算法的声波方程时间四阶差分解法可采用大网格对模拟空间进行差分离散,减少网格数,提高计算效率。     

广州中心城区住宅租金差异的核心影响因素

构建并阐述城市住宅的特征租金理论框架,建立包括建筑特征、便利性特征、环境特征、区位特征在内的“四分法”特征租金模型。以2020年3月广州中心城区23126套待租住宅的挂牌月租金单价为基本数据,通过分级空间统计和空间自相关分析广州中心城区住宅租金的空间差异格局与空间关联性,构建4要素12个指标的广州中心城区住宅租金影响因素指标体系,通过3种模型比选,采用空间误差模型测度住宅租金的影响因素,并筛选核心影响因素。结果表明：① 在研究城市内部住宅租金影响因素时,可采用本文构建的特征租金理论框架及其特征租金模型;② 广州中心城区中低租金水平的住宅数量最多,住宅租金呈现核心区高,外围城区低的空间分异格局,具有显著的空间集聚和空间关联特征;③ 建筑特征（建筑面积、朝向与楼层、房龄、电梯与物业）、便利性特征（地铁便利性、办公便利性、基础教育便利性）、环境特征（公园可达性、工业污染影响）和区位特征（距市中心距离）共4个方面的10个因素对广州中心城区住宅租金差异有显著影响;④ 建筑面积、房龄和距市中心距离是住宅租金的3个最关键核心影响因素,电梯与物业、办公便利性也是核心影响因素。