Porphyroblast inclusion trails: the key to orogenesis

Detailed microstructural analysis of inclusion trails in hundreds of garnet porphyroblasts from rocks where spiral-shaped inclusion trails are common indicates that spiral-shaped trails did not form by rotation of the growing porphyroblasts relative to geographic coordinates. They formed instead by progressive growth by porphyroblasts over several sets of near-orthogonal foliations that successively overprint one another. The orientations of these near-orthogonal foliations are alternately near-vertical and near-horizontal in all porphyroblasts examined. This provides very strong evidence for lack of porphyroblast rotation.
The deformation path recorded by these porphyroblasts indicates that the process of orogenesis involves a multiply repeated two-stage cycle of: (1) crustal shortening and thickening, with the development of a near-vertical foliation with a steep stretching lineation; followed by (2) gravitational instability and collapse of this uplifted pile with the development of a near-horizontal foliation, gravitational spreading, near-coaxial vertical shortening and consequent thrusting on the orogen margins. Correlation of inclusion trail overprinting relationships and asymmetry in porphyroblasts with foliation overprinting relationships observed in the field allows determination of where the rocks studied lie and have moved within an orogen. This information, combined with information about chemical zoning in porphyroblasts, provides details about the structural/metamorphic ( P-T-t ) paths the rocks have followed.
The ductile deformation environment in which a porphyroblast can rotate relative to geographic coordinates during orogenesis is spatially restricted in continental crust to vertical, ductile tear/transcurrent faults across which there is no component of bulk shortening or transpression.     

多约束条件下示意性道路网地图渐进式综合

Multiple constraints for schematic road network map cartographic design are analyzed and summarized. Based on this, a set of quantitative criteria are set up and a new road network generalization method including progressive selection and displacement is proposed. Furthermore, topological checking methods for road networks are researched. Based on these constraints, the points in a road network are classified, and a satisfactory and effective schematic map is designed in a con- crete experiment while maintaining topological consistency of the road network between the original and the schematic map     

面向水库大坝形变监测的三维激光扫描点云分析方法

根据黄龙带水库大坝两期高精度三维激光大坝扫描点云数据,本文提出基于正态分布的点云数据配准算法、改进原始渐进加密三角网滤波算法,运用点到面形变量对比分析模式监测大坝形变量,并进行源程序开发,实现一体化监测点云数据的加工、对比分析及建模处理。通过结果验证显示：①改进后的算法效率高、精度优,适用于大坝点云数据处理和对比分析;②开发的点云数据一体化处理软件简单易用,能够精准反映坝体变形情况;③黄龙带坝体稳定,尚无安全隐患。     

考虑悬链线效应的RC框架结构鲁棒性分析

为了充分反映结构的抗连续倒塌能力,文中基于能量原理,将结构倒塌时消耗能量与屈服时消耗能量之比定义为考虑悬链线效应的结构鲁棒性指标。首先进行一榀1/2缩尺的RC平面框架的连续倒塌试验,得到了具有双峰值点的荷载-位移曲线。基于试验数据对有限元模型进行验证与校准。进一步建立了18个RC平面框架结构数值分析模型,研究了中柱失效、边柱失效及不同梁底部纵向钢筋配筋率、顶部纵向钢筋配筋率等对考虑悬链线效应的结构鲁棒性影响规律。分析结果表明,由于边柱失效的结构无法发挥悬链线效应,鲁棒性较差;而中柱失效后的结构,由于其存在悬链线效应,结构表现出了更好的鲁棒性。结构鲁棒性系数随着梁底部钢筋配筋率的增加而降低,随着梁上部钢筋配筋率的增加而提高,梁上部钢筋配筋率显著影响结构的鲁棒性。本文提出的基于能量的考虑悬链线效应的结构鲁棒性计算方法,为RC框架结构抗连续倒塌设计提供了理论支持。     

应变软化边坡渐进破坏模式及稳定性可靠度

针对现有考虑应变软化效应的边坡渐进破坏分析模型中计算假定条件不符合实际情况的不足,以三峡库区赵树岭滑坡为研究对象,考虑地下水位波动和地震力的影响,提出用于分析多场耦合条件下应变软化边坡渐进破坏模式及稳定性可靠度的方法.结果表明,地下水位波动和地震力会不同程度地影响滑坡的渐进破坏模式和破坏概率.滑坡在145 m、175 ...     

Morphological aspects of crack growth in rock materials with various flaws

Crack evolution is initiated by the occurrence of tensile wing cracks and is then further promoted due to the crack coalescence caused by the extension of a central tensile crack segment between two relatively adjacent flaws. To understand such progressive failures in rock, a parallelized peridynamics coupled with a finite element method is utilized. Through this method, the initiation position of tensile wing cracks is observed with respect to varying inclination angles of a flaw, and then its corresponding shifting mechanism is investigated. In addition, the phenomenon of the position shifting being sensitive to various flaw shapes is discussed. Moreover, it is observed that the inclination angle of a central flaw affects the initiation position of other flaws; therefore, the initiation positions of tensile wing crack emanating from other neighboring flaws are analyzed with their angles. Following tensile wing cracks, a central tensile crack segment occurs in the bridging region between a central flaw and other neighboring flaws; the developmental patterns caused by the crack segment are discussed as well. Finally, the role a central tensile crack segment plays in the formation of crack coalescence and specimen failure is investigated in detail. The numerical results in this paper demonstrate good fidelity with established physical test results and complement them, thereby expanding the understanding of fracturing morphology in rock specimens with various flaws.     

基于试验的花岗岩渐进破坏本构模型研究

对取自大渡河流域大岗山电站的花岗岩进行了系统的试验研究,得到了不同围压下的应力-应变曲线。根据岩样受力过程中内部微裂纹的活动状态,定义了4个特征应力,即闭合应力、起裂应力、破损应力、峰值应力,来反映花岗岩的渐进破坏过程,特征应力也反映了岩石内部的损伤程度。依据特征应力,将试验曲线分为4个阶段,并对每一阶段分别求取变形模量和泊松比。结果表明,变形模量不仅与围压有关,且与岩石的损伤程度有关,而泊松比只取决于岩石的损伤程度。特征应力可由体积应变曲线结合线性回归技术准确求取。在此基础上,提出了一个考虑花岗岩渐进破坏的本构模型。在该模型中,变形参数(弹性模量、泊松比)是应力状态的函数,强度参数（凝聚力、内摩擦角）是塑性变形的函数。将该模型嵌入大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对不同围压下的花岗岩室内压缩试验进行模拟,结果表明,模拟所得的应力-应变曲线与试验曲线的吻合程度较高,模型能反映花岗岩等脆性岩石的峰前非线性力学行为。     

用于数字地图自动综合的多边形合并算法

从计算几何出发,实现了能考虑到空间关系和形态要求的一种新的多边形合并算法--"凸包演化"算法,并用于自动综合软伴中,取得了较好的效果.     

图斑群合并的渐进式方法研究

图斑合并（聚合和融合）是专题地图综合中一个很重要的任务。将小于面积阈值的图斑群的空间视觉冲突分为四类,针对不同的类型采取不同的策略,重点讨论了邻接小图斑群的渐进式合并方法。该方法有效地简化了整个计算过程,提高了计算效率,并使得合并前后的变化值达到最小。     

Effects of spatial aggregation of soil spatial information on watershed hydrological modelling

Many researchers have examined the impact of detailed soil spatial information on hydrological modelling due to the fact that such information serves as important input to hydrological modelling, yet is difficult and expensive to obtain. Most research has focused on the effects at single scales; however, the effects in the context of spatial aggregation across different scales are largely missing. This paper examines such effects by comparing the simulated runoffs across scales from watershed models based on two different levels of soil spatial information: the 10‐m‐resolution soil data derived from the Soil‐Land Inference Model (SoLIM) and the 1:24000 scale Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database in the United States. The study was conducted at three different spatial scales: two at different watershed size levels (referred to as full watershed and sub‐basin, respectively) and one at the model minimum simulation unit level. A fully distributed hydrologic model (WetSpa) and a semi‐distributed model (SWAT) were used to assess the effects. The results show that at the minimum simulation unit level the differences in simulated runoff are large, but the differences gradually decrease as the spatial scale of the simulation units increases. For sub‐basins larger than 10 km² in the study area, stream flows simulated by spatially detailed SoLIM soil data do not significantly vary from those by SSURGO. The effects of spatial scale are shown to correlate with aggregation effect of the watershed routing process. The unique findings of this paper provide an important and unified perspective on the different views reported in the literature concerning how spatial detail of soil data affects watershed modelling. Different views result from different scales at which those studies were conducted. In addition, the findings offer a potentially useful basis for selecting details of soil spatial information appropriate for watershed modelling at a given scale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.