A stroke-based method for automated generation of schematic network maps

This article deals with the graphic simplification of a network by schematization. A new method employing a stroke-based and progressive strategy is proposed to generate schematic network maps. This method treats a stroke (which is a long line with segments concatenated together) as a basic unit for the implementation. The procedure is as follows: (a) strokes are formed from line segments, (b) the strokes are re-orientated along grid lines and/or diagonals, and (c) two endpoints and all intersection points on (sub-)strokes are projected onto re-oriented straight lines, and (d) spatial inconsistency is detected and resolved. A methodology for each of these steps is described. This new method has been tested with a set of real-life road network data and evaluated by fractal analysis and empirical study. Experimental results show that this new method is more effective than segment-based methods and is able to produce graphics with great simplicity and clarity. Based on the results obtained, the stroke-based schematization with four primary directions is recommended.     

边坡渐进破坏的动态强度折减法研究

边破的变形破坏是量变积累到质变的渐进发生过程,由坡体内部潜在滑动面的逐渐破损并扩展至整体滑面。基于强度折减法思想,提出模拟边坡渐进破坏的动态强度折减法。该方法利用屈服接近度指标YAI确定边坡的破损区域,将YAI<0.2的区域定为破损区,通过不断动态折减局部破损坡体的强度参数,使边坡潜在滑动面渐进演化至贯通,边坡达到极限平衡状态。算例计算表明,该方法可有效解决强度折减法中折减范围的问题,克服整体强度折减法破损区过大的缺陷,获得的位移变化趋势与破损区演化过程也具有良好的一致性。动态强度折减法真实再现了边坡渐进失稳过程,为强度折减法更有效地应用于边坡稳定性定量评价提供有效途径。     

数学形态学的合并综合算子研究

针对当前地图综合算子的研究难点,引入了数学形态学相关理论,建立了基于形态学的合并综合算子模型.并利用建立的合并算子,结合矢量数据模型和栅格数据模型的相互转化,进行了街区的合并实验,取得了较好的效果.     

成都茶馆空间随机聚集分形特征研究

以成都市茶馆游憩场点系统为研究对象,在全市尺度和著名旅游地标、著名茶馆为中心的0.5 km、1.0 km等多级尺度下,对各茶馆子系统随机聚集维数进行测算。研究发现成都市茶馆系统具有空间随机聚集分形结构特征,而且存在明显的尺度效应。全市尺度下,以天府广场(城市空间分布中心和市行政中心)为中心,成都茶馆呈离心状态分布,空间结构随机聚集性较弱。在0.5 km尺度下,以杜甫草堂等5 个著名旅游地标为系统中心,茶馆子系统未能表现出明显的分形结构特征;以10 个著名茶馆为系统中心,茶馆子系统空间分布呈向心状态分布,空间结构随机聚集性较强。在1.0 km尺度下,以著名旅游地标为系统中心,茶馆子系统多呈现双分形结构,随着尺度范围增大茶馆子系统分形结构特征发育趋于明显;以著名茶馆为系统中心的茶馆子系统,空间结构随机聚集性很强,因此著名茶馆是1.0 km尺度下的茶馆系统自我演化的聚集中心。案例证明分形理论可以在多种空间尺度下指示城市游憩场点系统的微观结构。     

羊屎沟铁岭组大理岩鞘褶皱的变形特征分析

在羊屎沟铁岭组大理岩上发现鞘褶皱垂直于最大主应变轴X轴和垂直于中间应变主轴Y轴的切面,并对其变形特征及形成机制进行了考察和分析,认为,鞘褶皱所反映的韧性剪切作用方向大致为SSE方向150°～160°,且晚于铁岭组大理岩的形成时间。     

基于行为聚类算法的土地利用聚类适宜性分析研究

为了在较少地类的基础上,深入研究土地利用变化过程,可把较多的地类合并成较少的具有重要变化特征的地类.本文运用基于行为聚类的方法,将净增加和净增加的地类合并或净减少和净减少的地类合并,但不能将净增加和净减少的地类合并.主要分为3个阶段实现:第1个阶段是完全不变阶段,聚类结果是形成综合的完全不变地类;第2个阶段是完全减少和完全增加阶段,该阶段将完全减少地类和完全增加地类分别进行合并;第3个阶段是转变阶段,该阶段计算了每一对有相同净变化方向地类的相互转变信息.基于行为聚类的算法在每一步的计算过程中都会保留净变化面积为常数,转变变化面积保留最大化.本文对3个聚类原则进行了数学证明,定义了6种聚类行为,以云南省土地利用分类体系为例,从面积变化和强度变化2个角度阐述了行为聚类方法的可行性和优势性.最后,与刘纪远等建立的土地利用遥感监测分类系统进行比较,结果表明:行为聚类算法聚类到9种类型时,类型总变化面积达到5.10%,比原始类型的总变化面积下降了0.06%;而基于遥感监测分类系统的6个一级分类将总变化减少至4.7%,与聚类算法比较,总变化面积减少了0.4%.实践证明,行为聚类的算法可更好地保留土地利用动态变化信息,证明了该聚类方法的有效性.     

A multi-resolution global land cover dataset through multisource data aggregation

Recent developments of 30 m global land characterization datasets(e.g., land cover, vegetation continues field) represent the finest spatial resolution inputs for global scale studies. Here, we present results from further improvement to land cover mapping and impact analysis of spatial resolution on area estimation for different land cover types. We proposed a set of methods to aggregate two existing 30 m resolution circa 2010 global land cover maps, namely FROM-GLC(Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring-Global Land Cover) and FROM-GLC-seg(Segmentation), with two coarser resolution global maps on development, i.e., Nighttime Light Impervious Surface Area(NL-ISA) and MODIS urban extent(MODIS-urban), to produce an improved 30 m global land cover map—FROM-GLC-agg(Aggregation). It was post-processed using additional coarse resolution datasets(i.e., MCD12Q1, GlobCover2009, MOD44 W etc.) to reduce land cover type confusion. Around 98.9% pixels remain 30 m resolution after some post-processing to this dataset. Based on this map, majority aggregation and proportion aggregation approaches were employed to create a multi-resolution hierarchy(i.e., 250 m, 500 m, 1 km, 5 km, 10 km, 25 km, 50 km, 100 km) of land cover maps to meet requirements for different resolutions from different applications. Through accuracy assessment, we found that the best overall accuracies for the post-processed base map(at 30 m) and the three maps subsequently aggregated at 250 m, 500 m, 1 km resolutions are 69.50%, 76.65%, 74.65%, and 73.47%, respectively. Our analysis of area-estimation biases for different land cover types at different resolutions suggests that maps at coarser than 5 km resolution contain at least 5% area estimation error for most land cover types. Proportion layers, which contain precise information on land cover percentage, are suggested for use when coarser resolution land cover data are required.     

应变软化土坡渐进破坏的可靠度分析

在考虑土性参数的不确定性和土体应变软化特性的基础上,以可靠度方法建立了边坡渐进破坏的极限状态方程。通过计算边坡局部破坏概率,确定边坡中最危险的土条,并推导出破坏起始于该土条,逐渐向两侧扩展的渐进破坏概率计算公式。该方法能很好地反映边坡局部破坏的产生、扩展及对边坡整体稳定性的影响,找到最贴近实际情况的破坏传播路径,为边坡稳定分析提供了理论依据。通过算例分析可知,滑动面上各个土条的局部破坏概率均不相等,破坏起始于中部第8土条,破坏先向上传递,后向下传递至坡脚,并非从坡脚向坡顶传递的牵引式破坏,或从坡顶向坡脚传递的推移式破坏。     

Tidal observations on the West Coast,South Island,New Zealand

Harmonic tidal constants, calculated from sea surface elevation observations at Jackson Bay on the West Coast of the South Island, are consistent with available semi‐diurnal and diurnal tidal phase distributions. Current observations taken over a 111 day period at mid‐depth in 1505 m of water on the southern flank of the Challenger Plateau and over a 240 day period in 1430 m of water on the South Island western coast continental slope, are subject to tidal analysis. At both sites there is a component of energy flux directed across the isobaths and only at the northern site for the M2 tide is the phase consistent with a dominant progressive barotropic tide. The successive 30 day harmonic constants at the southern continental slope site exhibit a trend in the M2 tidal ellipse speed and ellipticity suggesting the presence of a regular internal tide. Superposition of ‘internal tidal’ and barotropic tidal flows, as prescribed from progressive‐ and standing‐wave elevations, to fit the observations indicates that the ‘internal tide’ is probably associated with the first baroclinic mode. At the current‐meter depths the speeds of the ‘internal tide’ for the M2 tide are about the same as the barotropic speeds, whereas, the S2 ‘internal tide’ speeds are larger than those of the barotropic tide. The consistency of the trend in ellipse parameters lends support to the theoretical progressive trapped barotropic tidal flows being a good approximation to the actual barotropic tide. Some support for the hypothesis that the S2 tide on the West Coast of New Zealand has a substantial standing wave contribution is given by the northern observations, where the ratio of the S2: M2 internal tidal ellipse current amplitudes are substantially larger than the ratio of the elevations, the internal tide being generated by across‐isobath flows.     

基于傅里叶级数的等高线网络渐进式传输模型

矢量地图渐进式传输的关键技术是建立连续的多尺度表达模型,并在服务器端将地图数据组织成线性结构。本文利用傅立叶级数对要素表达的多尺度特性,将傅立叶级数的参量引入到等高线要素的渐进式传输中：研究了地图尺度与曲线傅立叶展开项数的对应关系,并以此在服务器端建立了曲线多尺度表达的傅立叶描述子模型;客户端通过网络传输依次得到不同地图尺度的傅立叶描述子分量并进行曲线要素的重构,实现等高线要素渐进式的传输和表达。该模型的应用具有两大特点,其一,在网络传输的是由曲线要素提炼出来的特征向量而不是坐标数据,能起到了数据有效压缩的作用;其二,能够实现无极尺度的地图要素的表达。