Modeling progressive failures in rock slopes with non‐persistent joints using the numerical manifold method

Rock slope failure is a complex process that usually involves both opening/sliding along pre‐existing discontinuities as well as fracturing of intact rock bridges. Discontinuity persistence is an important factor governing rock slope instabilities. However, traditional slope failure analysis assumes persistent discontinuities, and rock slope fails along a predefined persistent continuous potential failure surface because of the limitations of the analysis tools. This paper proposes the numerical manifold method (NMM) incorporated with a Mohr–Coulomb criterion‐based fracturing algorithm to simulate the progressive failure of rock slopes with non‐persistent joints. Detailed fracturing algorithm is first presented. Then, the NMM enabling fracturing is calibrated through simulating an edge‐cracked plate and the Brazilian test. Lastly, the developed code is applied to investigate the failure process of rock slopes involving non‐persistent joints. Numerical results indicate that the proposed method can capture the opening/sliding along existing discontinuities, the fracturing in intact rock bridges and the final kinematic release. Progressive slope failure is well exhibited. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Progressive deformation across a ductile shear zone: an example from the Singhbhum Shear Zone,eastern India

Structural investigations in the Precambrian Singhbhum Shear Zone of eastern India document an intimate relationship between micro- to meso-scale structures and the deformation history. Shear zone rocks are characterized by composite foliation, a well-developed stretching lineation, folds, shear planes, and quartz veins. These structures reflect thrusting of the Proterozoic north Singhbhum hanging wall block over the Archaean south Singhbhum footwall block. Microstructural analysis of multiple foliation and mylonitic rocks within the shear zone helps to define its progressive evolution. During progressive deformation, overprinting of microstructures resulted in incomplete transposition or complete erasing of previously formed structures and mineral assemblages, allowing room for new dynamic equilibrium structures to form. The dominant deformation mechanism was dissolution–recrystallization, with locally important fluid circulation responsible for transformation of the quartzo-feldspathic mass into phyllonite, and quartzites and schists into mylonite. Textural features suggest that the bulk deformation was non-coaxial, evolving from dominant pure shear in the early stage followed by simple shear in a single progressive strain history of the Singhbhum Shear Zone.     

含预制裂纹的脆性岩石单轴压缩下渐进性破坏过程的试验研究

对含预制裂纹的花岗岩进行单轴压缩试验研究预制裂纹倾角α对脆性岩石渐进性破坏过程的影响。首先埘破坏过程的轴向应力-横向应变曲线进行总结和讨论,然后分析预制裂纹与加载方向夹角α埘岩石的应应力门槛值：裂纹起始应力σci、裂纹扩展应力σed、峰值强度矿σf,由应变片记录的应力-应变曲线和试样的表嘶裂纹扩展情况的影响机制。结果表明,含有预制裂纹的岩石试样进行加载试验过程中,顶制裂纹倾角α的变化成了决定脆性岩石破裂办式的主要因素。故在对含节理、裂隙的脆性岩石的工程应用上,通过对岩休的轴向应力-横向应变向应变典线进行分析,可以对地下开挖工程起到指导设计开挖方式及支护形式的作用。     

基于Direct3D多分辨率地形建模方法的研究

在地形模型的多分辨率建模中,递进网格模型能高效地存储网格信息,并能方便地控制网格的细节层次。本文利用D irect3D三维图形库,给出了一种基于递进网格模型的多分辨率地形数据生成算法,该算法能方便地控制简化过程,显示速度较快,并能很好地保持原模型的几何特征。     

镁铁—超镁铁质岩浆中铂族元素的富集机理：综述与实例

目前陆地上可利用的铂族元素(PGE)资源主要来自与镁铁—超镁铁质岩浆密切相关的岩浆硫化物矿床。岩浆硫化物矿床成矿理论关注的一个重要问题就是镁铁—超镁铁质岩浆中PGE的富集机理。经典成矿理论认为,由于PGE在平衡的硫化物熔体与硅酸盐熔体之间具有极高的分配系数(105～106),PGE富集成矿主要与成矿体系中硅酸盐熔体与硫化物熔体的质量比有关(R-factor)。但是近些年来,许多新的实验岩石学结果和天然矿石样品纳米尺度PGE赋存状态的观测结果对这一经典理论提出了挑战。本文列举了一些相关的研究实例,显示硅酸盐熔体中的PGE纳米颗粒可以被硫化物或铬铁矿机械捕获、并通过定向附着生长、聚集、粗化和融合,最终形成纳米颗粒集合体和纳米合金。另外,岩浆中半金属元素(TABS,即Te、As、Bi、Sb、Sn)和Se可以与PGE优先形成各种互化物,从而富集于砷化物、铋化物、碲化物或硒化物中,而非硫化物中。因此,镁铁—超镁铁质岩浆体系中PGE的富集可能不仅受其在硫化物熔体中极高的分配系数控制,一些物理过程导致的PGE分配以及半金属元素对PGE的富集作用也不容忽视。由于矿石中的铂族矿物一般为纳—微米级,采用聚...     

The study on county accessibility in China: Characteristics and effects on population agglomeration

This paper calculated spatial accessibility of all counties (city, urban district) in China with cost weighted distance method. Region divisions of county accessibility were conducted, and relation of traffic accessibility and population aggregation was discussed in this paper. The results indicated that county accessibility in China had mainly low values and a distribution structure of circle layer and reverse-to-natural gradient. There was an obvious correlation between county accessibility and population density in China. With these analyses, inner mechanisms of population migration in different traffic conditions and region types were revealed, and can provide useful proposals to regional planning, traffic planning and smart distribution of people in China.     

On the effects of triangulated terrain resolution on distributed hydrologic model response

Distributed hydrologic models based on triangulated irregular networks (TIN) provide a means for computational efficiency in small to large‐scale watershed modelling through an adaptive, multiple resolution representation of complex basin topography. Despite previous research with TIN‐based hydrology models, the effect of triangulated terrain resolution on basin hydrologic response has received surprisingly little attention. Evaluating the impact of adaptive gridding on hydrologic response is important for determining the level of detail required in a terrain model. In this study, we address the spatial sensitivity of the TIN‐based Real‐time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS) in order to assess the variability in the basin‐averaged and distributed hydrologic response (water balance, runoff mechanisms, surface saturation, groundwater dynamics) with respect to changes in topographic resolution. Prior to hydrologic simulations, we describe the generation of TIN models that effectively capture topographic and hydrographic variability from grid digital elevation models. In addition, we discuss the sampling methods and performance metrics utilized in the spatial aggregation of triangulated terrain models. For a 64 km² catchment in northeastern Oklahoma, we conduct a multiple resolution validation experiment by utilizing the tRIBS model over a wide range of spatial aggregation levels. Hydrologic performance is assessed as a function of the terrain resolution, with the variability in basin response attributed to variations in the coupled surface–subsurface dynamics. In particular, resolving the near‐stream, variable source area is found to be a key determinant of model behaviour as it controls the dynamic saturation pattern and its effect on rainfall partitioning. A relationship between the hydrologic sensitivity to resolution and the spatial aggregation of terrain attributes is presented as an effective means for selecting the model resolution. Finally, the study highlights the important effects of terrain resolution on distributed hydrologic model response and provides insight into the multiple resolution calibration and validation of TIN‐based hydrology models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of an 0.2 km3 Rock Avalanche on Lake Eibsee (Bavarian Alps,Germany) – Part II: Catchment Response to Consecutive Debris Avalanche and Debris Flow

The ~0.2 km³ Eibsee rock avalanche impacted Paleolake Eibsee and completely displaced its waters. This study analyses the lake impact and the consequences, and the catchment response to the landslide. A quasi-3D seismic reflection survey, four sediment cores from modern Lake Eibsee, reaching far down into the rock avalanche mass, nine radiocarbon ages, and geomorphic analysis allow us to distinguish the main rock avalanche event from a secondary debris avalanche and debris flow. The highly fluidized debris avalanche formed a megaturbidite and multiple swashes that are recorded in the lake sediments. The new calibrated age for the Eibsee rock avalanche of ~4080–3970 cal yr BP indicates a coincidence with rockslides in the Fernpass cluster and subaquatic landslides in Lake Piburg and Lake Plansee, and raises the possibility that a large regional earthquake triggered these events. We document a complex history of erosion and sedimentation in Lake Eibsee, and demonstrate how the catchment response and rebirth of the lake are revealed through the complementary application of geophysics, sedimentology, radiocarbon dating, and geomorphology. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

创新地理信息服务模式,打造网络地理信息服务民族优秀品牌

＂天地图＂是国家地理信息公共服务平台建设取得的重要成果。它的开通标志着国家测绘地理信息局在转变测绘服务方式、提升测绘服务能力、推进地理信息产业发展方面迈出了至关重要的一步。＂天地图＂的建设采用了集成技术创新、服务模式创新、组织实施模式创新等策略,有效地利用、集成和优化各种资源,产生了集成效应。＂天地图＂刚刚起步,距满足用户需求还有很大距离。国家基础地理信息中心将在国家测绘地理信息局的领导下,大力丰富信息资源、提升服务能力,推进社会化应用,力争早日将＂天地图＂打造成为具有国际影响力的民族品牌。