基于GIS的重庆市人口空间分布研究

基于重庆市2006～2010年人口数据,运用GIS技术从人口密度、人口集中指数及人口集聚度3个方面对重庆市人口空间分布规律进行了分析;同时,从地理空间分析的角度出发,分析了重庆市人口空间分布与自然、经济及社会因素之间的关系。     

基于大数据的城市功能区人口时空聚散模式研究

城市功能区和人口流动是行为地理学和城市规划领域的研究热点,不同城市功能区的人口聚散现象更是其重点议题。该文基于POI和腾讯位置服务(LBS)大数据,以武汉市主城区为研究区,利用功能密度指数、功能优势指数识别城市功能区,并通过空间关联判断城市功能区人口流动变化规律,采用聚类分析方法归纳人口时空聚散模式。研究结果表明:1)中心城区功能混合度较高;2)受人群时空需求影响,不同城市功能区的人口流动规律呈现一定差异性;3)根据城市功能区人口流动聚散趋势并综合其构成特征,可分为公共主导-聚散波动、商务主导-持续集聚、居住主导-持续集聚、绿地主导-聚散交替、商业主导-动态平衡和工业主导-先聚后散共6种模式。研究结果对于优化城市空间布局、合理配置城市资源以及提升城市运行效率具有参考意义。     

多核处理器的机载激光雷达点云并行三角网渐进加密滤波方法

滤波是机载LiDAR点云数据处理的关键步骤之一,点云数据的海量化特性使得一般的串行化滤波处理方法无法满足快速成图的应用需求。提出一种基于多核计算技术的并行三角网渐进加密滤波方法,将串行方法中最耗时的三角网构建与脚点判别过程进行了并行化改造。三角网构建算法的并行化基于分治法实现,脚点判别算法的并行化采用一种随机分配策略将三角网划分为多个离散分布的三角形子集合来实现负载均衡。并行滤波方法在8核环境下多次渐进加密的实际加速比达到3.1左右。试验证明,该方法可以充分发挥多核计算优势,并且对不同分布形态点云数据具有良好的适应性。     

Evaluating data stability in aggregation structures across spatial scales: revisiting the modifiable areal unit problem

ABSTRACT

Socioeconomic and health analysts commonly rely on areally aggregated data, in part because government regulations on confidentiality prohibit data release at the individual level. Analytical results from areally aggregated data, however, are sensitive to the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Levels of aggregation as well as the arbitrary and modifiable sizes, shapes, and arrangements of zones affect the validity and reliability of findings from analyses of areally aggregated data. MAUP, long acknowledged, remains unresolved. We present an exploratory spatial data analytical approach (ESDA) to understand the scalar effects of MAUP. To characterize relationships between data aggregation structures and spatial scales, we develop a method for statistically and visually exploring the local indicators of spatial association (LISA) exhibited between a variable and itself across varying levels of aggregation. We demonstrate our approach by analyzing the across-scale relationships of aggregated 2010 median income for the State of Pennsylvania and 2005–2009 cancer diagnosis rates for the State of New York between county–tract, tract–block group, and county–block group level US census designated enumeration units. This method for understanding the relationship between MAUP and spatial scale provides guidance to researchers in selecting the most appropriate scales to aggregate, analyze, and represent data for problem-specific analyses.     

Integration of remote sensing and electrical sounding data for hydrogeological exploration—a case study of Bakhar watershed,India / Intégration de données de télédétection et de sondages électriques pour l'exploration hydrogéologique—étude de cas du bassin versant de Bakhar,Inde

Abstract

A geographical information system (GIS) was used for the integration of hydrological data acquired using remote sensing and geoelectrical techniques to understand the groundwater condition of Bakhar watershed, Mirazpur District, UP, India. Indian remote sensing IRS-1D, LISS—III data were used to prepare a geomorphological and lineament map of the Bakhar watershed. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out in different geomorphic units, and ranges of electrical resistivity values were assigned to the different formations by calibrating electrical resistivity with borehole data. Based on these, a subsurface resistivity map and an aquifer thickness map were prepared. Several layers were superimposed using GIS techniques. Each theme was assigned a weight, depending on its influence on groundwater recharge. Each class or unit in the map was assigned a knowledge-based rank from one to four, depending on its significance in storage and transmittance of groundwater, and these were then multiplied by the layer weighting to produce a score. Based on these scores, the watershed was categorized into different groundwater potential zones. The results indicate that the eastern and northern parts of the study area have very good groundwater potential to meet the demands of water for irrigation and domestic purposes, whereas the southern region has poor groundwater potential zones. Such integrated analysis has not been attempted so far in this region for hydrogeological investigation.     

Influence of landscape aggregation in modelling snow-cover ablation and snowmelt runoff in a sub-arctic mountainous environment

Abstract

Appropriate representation of landscape heterogeneity at small to medium scales is a central issue for hydrological modelling. Two main hydrological modelling approaches, deductive and inductive, are generally applied. Here, snow-cover ablation and basin snowmelt runoff are evaluated using a combined modelling approach that includes the incorporation of detailed process understanding along with information gained from observations of basin-wide streamflow phenomena. The study site is Granger Basin, a small sub-arctic basin in the mountains of the Yukon Territory, Canada. The analysis is based on the comparison between basin-aggregated and distributed landscape representations. Results show that the distributed model based on “hydrological response” landscape units best describes the observed magnitudes of both snow-cover ablation and basin runoff, whereas the aggregated approach fails to represent the differential snowmelt rates and to describe both runoff volumes and dynamics when discontinuous snowmelt events occur.     

东营凹陷营26断层调节带特征及其对油气分布的控制作用

为揭示复杂断块油田小型断层调节带的特征并明确其对油气分布的控制作用,笔者利用高精度三维地震资料结合油田地质资料分析了营26块内断层的几何学、运动学和动力学特征,认为其为近东西向展布的对向叠覆—同向叠覆复合型断层调节带。西侧主断层(营1断层)与调节断层在剖面上呈多级反"Y"字形组合样式,东侧主断层(营8断层、营31断层)与调节断层为包心菜状组合;营1断层活动性减弱时,将位移量传递给营8断层、营31断层和调节断层,使区域位移有规律变化;通过力学分析认为营26北部断层调节带是在左旋张扭构造应力场作用下形成的,营26南部断层调节带是在右旋张扭构造应力场作用下形成的。结合营26块油气分布、油气来源及断裂活动性与封闭性研究,阐明了主断层沟通烃源灶和储集层,成为油源断层;调节断层停止活动时间早,封闭性好形成断块圈闭,是遮挡断层;建立了营26断层调节带油气成藏模式,预测营13井、营24井和营26井附近为有利滚动勘探开发区。     

加筋砂土挡墙面板刚度效果的数值分析

为了对加筋砂土挡墙面板的刚度效果有一个合理、定量的把握,利用非线性硬化-软化弹塑性有限元方法对相关的一系列室内模型试验结果进行了系统全面的数值分析。有限元解析中所采用的砂土本构模型是以修正塑性功为基本状态量的弹塑性硬软化模型,该模型可以较为精确地模拟砂土的应力路径效应。结果表明,利用这种较高精度的有限元方法对加筋砂土挡墙的变形破坏进行解析,不仅能较好地模拟加筋砂土挡墙基础底面的平均压力与沉降之间的关系,同时也能较好地再现由于面板刚度变化对加筋砂土挡墙基础的承载力以及渐进性变形破坏的影响。随着面板刚度的增加,面板对剪切带的抑制作用将随之增加,具体表现在砂土围压σ3增大所带来的砂土强度σ1的提高,进而使得加筋砂土挡墙的峰值承载力也随之增大。     

不同类型滑坡渐进破坏过程与稳定性研究

滑坡的类型一般可分为牵引式滑坡、推移式滑坡和复合式滑坡,根据其滑面的发展形态,依次表现为前进式渐进破坏模式、后退式渐进破坏模式和复合式渐进破坏模式。基于岩土体应变软化特性,揭示了滑坡渐进破坏过程的本质是滑带力学参数弱化的过程,初步探讨了3种类型滑坡渐进破坏过程的远动特点和力学特征和滑坡渐进演化过程。以不平衡推力法和3种类型滑坡的演化特征为基础,提出3种类型滑坡渐进破坏过程中临界状态条块确定方法,通过建立滑坡渐进破坏稳定性计算模型和计算公式,提出滑坡随着渐进演化过程的滑带参数取值方法,并阐述了渐进破坏过程的稳定性计算实现过程,实现不同类型滑坡渐进破坏过程的稳定性分析。以3个典型滑坡为例,分析得出滑坡渐进破坏过程中牵引式滑坡和复合式滑坡稳定性降低速率由大到小再到大和推移式滑坡稳定性降低速率由小到大的过程,3种类型滑坡在渐进破坏过程中不同部位对稳定性的贡献不同,验证了不同类型滑坡的变形规律。研究结论可对不同类型滑坡的稳定性发展进行初步预测和为滑坡治理提供指导意义。     

基于NoSQL的海量空间数据云存储与服务方法

近年来,实现海量空间数据高效地存储管理和在线服务,成为地学信息科学领域日益关注的热点问题。本文根据矢量和栅格空间数据的不同特点,提出并实现了矢量栅格数据一体化的海量空间数据分布式云存储管理与访问服务方案,在海量矢量数据存储和处理中创新性引入分布式图数据库Neo4J和并行图计算框架。在三层式空间数据云存储架构基础上,给出NoSQL数据库技术的栅格和矢量数据云存储的实现策略与方法,并开展了通用数据访问接口的设计。采用分布式文件系统HDFS存储栅格数据,并使用列族数据库HBase对其建立分布式空间索引,及采用满足ACID约束的分布式图数据库Neo4J来存储矢量数据,并使用R树建立空间索引。在自主研发的地理知识云平台GeoKSCloud框架下,初步实现了核心组件-空间数据聚合中心(GeoDAC)软件,可为各类用户提供空间数据分布式存储管理和访问服务。通过搭建试验床,开展GeoDAC与开源GIS软件PostGIS在矢量数据读写访问性能方面的对比测试。结果表明,虽然GeoDAC没有获得写入性能的加速作用,但其具有PostGIS无法比拟的强大读取性能。GeoDAC将海量数据经过空间分割后分布在集群上,能够并行处理查询请求,极大地提高空间查询速度,具有广阔的应用前景。