低覆盖度治沙的理论与沙漠科技进步

低覆盖度治沙是一项荒漠化治理新理念、新技术、新模式。受自然林业启发,根据低覆盖度植被分布格局的演变,提出不同格局下的风沙物理学、水文学、生态学、可持续发展等理论的外延机理,把乔灌草及微生物、降雨及土壤库的水动态、界面生态效益、边行优势等有机组合,进而探索出创新型治沙技术理论。这套理论基本解决了防沙治沙实践中中幼龄林衰败死亡的问题,把人工造林与自然修复有机结合起来,降低造林成本40%～60%。该理论开拓了覆盖度在15%～25%条件下实现防沙治沙目标的新领域。     

中国耕地总量动态平衡研究进展

从耕地总量动态平衡的内涵、理论基础着手,重点评述了耕地总量动态平衡的实施效果、耕地质量、区域平衡、影响因素、实现措施以及研究方法,认为当前研究存在相关成果与具体实践“不对称”,忽略土地开发整理过程中的生态环境影响,政策实施中不注重将城市化所产生的现代生产要素转化到平衡区域耕地综合生产能力上,区域平衡缺乏理论与实践支持以及相关法规不配套等问题。因此,建立和完善实施耕地总量动态平衡的技术支撑体系,系统构建耕地总量动态平衡的研究框架体系以及深入探讨耕地生态与社会价值及其成本核算体系等显得尤为重要。     

国内出境旅游市场研究综述

出境旅游是中国旅游业的重要组成部分之一。近年来,中国的出境旅游取得了巨大发展,引起社会广泛关注,出境旅游市场的研究已成为旅游研究的重要领域之一。以出境旅游的内涵为出发点,从出境旅游市场迅速发展的原因、市场特征、发展中存在的问题及发展趋势等方面对国内自2000年以来的出境旅游市场研究进行了总结,并指出当前国内在出境旅游市场研究内容、研究区域和研究方法上存在的不足,以期为中国出境旅游研究的发展提供参考。     

中国北方沙漠化过程及其防治研究的新进展

国家973项目“中国北方沙漠化过程及其防治研究”（G2000048700）恢复了过去2 ka来我国北方沙漠化过程、演变、格局和驱动机制;揭示了土壤风蚀和沙尘起动的物理机制,确定了土壤风蚀容忍量、定量评价体系,风沙电场形成机理、分布规律和影响;确定了主要沙尘源区、沙尘暴移动规律和形成机制,建立了沙尘暴监测、预报预警方法和系统;研究了土壤碳、氮衰减规律及其对沙区植被的影响,揭示了沙漠化过程中植物的受损过程、适应对策和植被恢复机理,阐明了我国近50 a沙漠化的过程、成因、现状及其发展趋势,定量给出沙漠化空间变化态势,提出了重点地区防治沙漠化、社会经济与环境协调发展的模式和对策。为国家防沙治沙和干旱地区生态环境和社会经济可持续发展战略决策提供了科学依据。发展和完善了中国沙漠与沙漠化科学。     

考虑热水力耦合效应土体波动理论的研究进展

岩土介质的热水力耦合效应被广泛应用于水利水电工程、岩土工程、地下工程等诸多领域,是岩土力学及相关领域研究的热点问题,成果显著。笔者就岩土热水力耦合动力响应及波的传播理论等问题,较为全面地论述国内外考虑多场耦合条件下土体波动理论的主要研究成果和最新进展,并对热水力耦合作用机理以及今后研究方向等提出了一些见解。     

"富营养化湖泊治理及湖泊管理昆明国际讨论会"综述

湖泊富营养化是国际上普遍存在而倍受关注的问题。以国家列为“三河三湖”重点环保项目整治的滇池为首的云南九大高原湖泊中,有6个已富营养化。在云南省即将大规模开展湖泊治理工作之际,为借鉴国际湖泊治理及管理的方法及成功的经验,2001年11月召开了此次会议。有众多国际湖泊学权威在内的10个国家的163名专家出席会议。重点讨论了5个主题：湖泊治理及管理研究;湖泊环境变化的沉积记录;湖水氮、磷负荷与湖泊生态健康;湖泊污染与治理;湖泊富营养化过程。专家们对云南高原湖泊的治理提出了4个方面的建议：以改善、恢复湖泊生态系统结构的方法控制富营养化;清淤一定要慎重;加强湖泊富营养化过程与机制的研究;加强流域管理研究。会议最后发表了《昆明宣言》,建议建立云南高原湖泊国际研究中心。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed is the article: Small-State Security in the Balkans . Aurel Braun. South American Development: A Geographical Introduction . Rosemary D. F. Bromley and Ray Bromley. Interregional Migration, National Policy and Social Justice . Gordon L. Clark. Marketing Architectural and Engineering Services . Weld Coxe. A Geography of the Third World . J. P. Dickenson, C. G. Clarke, W. T. S. Gould, R. M. Prothero, D. J. Siddle, C. T. Smith, E. M. Thomas-Hope, and A. G. Hodgkiss. Wildlife and Man in Texas: Environmental Change and Conservation . Robin W. Doughty. At the Sea's Edge . William T. Fox. Englewood Cliffs Geography and Ecology . I. P. Gerasimov. Urbanization in Contemporary Latin America. Critical Approaches to the Analysis of Urban Issues . Alan Gilbert in association with Jorge E. Hardoy and Ronaldo Ramírez, eds. The Coming of the Transactional City . Jean Gottmann. College Park Visions of City and Country: Prints and Photographs of Nineteenth-Century France . Bonnie L. Grad and Timothy A. Riggs. Worcester Soviet Geography Today: Physical Geography . N. A. Gvozdetskiy, ed. Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians . Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers, eds. Urban and Regional Industrial Research: The Changing UK Data Base . Michael Healey, ed. Cuando se Acaban los Montes . Stanley Heckadon Moreno. A Panama Forest and Shore: Natural History and Amerindian Culture in Bocas del Toro . Burton L. Gordon. Pacific Grove Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900–1982 . Allen Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman. Soviet Natural Resources in the World Economy . Robert G. Jensen, Theodore Shabad, and Arthur W. Wright, eds. The Changing Geography of the United Kingdom . R. J. Johnston and J. C. Doornkamp, eds. Pluralism and Political Geography—People, Territory and State . Nurit Kliot and Stanley Waterman, eds. Landmarks Preservation and the Property Tax . David Listokin. Irrigation Horticulture in Highland Guatemala: The Tablón System of Panajachel . Kent Mathewson. Her Space, Her Place: A Geography of Women . Mary Ellen Mazey and David R. Lee. Man, A Geomorphological Agent . Dov Nir. Dordrecht The Book of America: Inside the 50 States Today . Neal R. Peirce and Jerry Hagstrom. Rivers . Geoffrey E. Petts. Proceedings, United States/Australia Workshop on Design and Implementation of Computer-Based Geographic Information Systems . Donna Peuquet and John O'Callaghan, eds. Outdoor Recreational and Resource Management . John Pigram. Remaking the City: Social Science Perspectives on Urban Design . John S. Pipkin, Mark La Gory and Judith R. Blau, eds. The Crust of Our Earth: An Armchair Traveler's Guide to the New Geology . Chet Raymo. Englewood Cliffs Concepts and Themes in the Regional Geography of Canada J. Lewis Robinson. Vancouver Secondary Cities in Developing Countries: Policies for Diffusing Urbanization . Dennis A. Rondinelli. Beverly Hills Legal Foundations of Environmental Planning , Vol 1. J. G. Rose. Can We Delay a Greenhouse Warming? Stephen Seidel and Dale Keyes. Mobilizing Human Resources in the Arab World . R. Paul Shaw. Prairie Mosaic: An Ethnic Atlas of Rural North Dakota . William C. Sherman. The Future of Conflict in the 1980s . William J. Taylor, Jr. and Steven A. Maaranen, eds. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information . Edward R. Tufte. U.S. 40 Today: Thirty Years of landscape Change in America . Thomas R. Vale and Geraldine R. Vale. Madison Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria . Michael Watts. Readings in Historic Preservation: Why? What? How? Norman Williams Jr., Edmund Kellogg and Frank Gilbert, eds.     

Research progress of international rivers in China

China possesses over 110 international rivers and lakes, among which 41 are major ones and 15 are of great importance. With the highest concentration of international rivers, the northeast, northwest and southwest regions of China enjoy abundant transboundary resources and pose complicated ecological security issues. Following the 1950s, relevant studies on international rivers fall into three periods: 1) the planned economy period of the 1950s–1980s when border development and basic research were scant; 2) the reform and opening-up period from 1980 to the end of 20th century. Along with the drive of economic globalization and regional cooperation, development of international rivers was thriving, which filled blanks in the research and narrowed gaps with international standards. Relevant studies also provided national and local governments with important scientific grounds for making decisions; 3) since the start of the 21st century, China has integrated its international river studies across sectors and across international borders. Now both government and scientific institutions pay great attention to transboundary environmental issues.     

近10年中国台风暴雨研究进展

登陆台风造成的灾害往往由暴雨引起,因此在台风研究领域中,台风暴雨一直是最受重视的研究课题之一.近10年来,随着我国一系列台风外场科学试验加密观测数据的获得、天气监测网的逐步完善、大气模式的改进以及电子计算机的飞速发展,台风与中纬度系统的相互作用、台风与地形下垫面相互作用、台风中小尺度及其动力学等方面均得到深入研究.概述了近10年该领域取得的研究进展,并对目前存在的问题进行讨论.     

磁性示踪在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进展

示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中已得到了较广泛的应用，尤其是利用核素示踪（如137Cs、7Be、210Pb和REE示踪）定量研究土壤侵蚀规律和侵蚀机理方面取得了一系列成果。近几年利用磁性示踪研究土壤侵蚀成为示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中应用的一种新思路。目前，在利用环境磁性的时空差异性来研究区域内侵蚀泥沙来源，以沉积物磁性作为流域环境变迁指示剂以及利用磁性参数的变化研究土壤侵蚀等方面已取得一些成果，同时也有人提出利用人工磁性示踪剂来研究土壤侵蚀强度的空间分异规律，定量描述侵蚀方式的演变及侵蚀过程的发生、发展规律，并在野外进行了小区试验。但总体上磁性示踪在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用还相对较少。就磁性示踪在土壤侵蚀研究中应用的理论基础以及目前的研究现状作了简要论述，并分析提出了其研究方向和应用前景。