Structure,composition and bulk properties of upland stream gravels

Upland gravel-bedded streams in the U.K. have received only scant attention from both hydrologists and sedimentologists, but are worthy of further investigation. The sedimentology of three small streams in Teesdale in the Pennines has been examined in detail. Grain-size characteristics, bedforms, structure, composition and packing characteristics of these deposits are described, and compared where appropriate with published information. It is argued that a fuller appreciation of gravel bed composition and morphology should eventually contribute to an improved understanding of sediment transport and deposition mechanisms, and, hence, to improved accuracy in sediment transport and deposition estimates.     

变权模型

在考虑、分析多因素复杂问题时或自然界中都相当普遍地存在着各因素的权重因具体情况不同而变动的情况。为此提出一种各因素的权重由各因素的组合情况决定的模型——变权模型,以一种简单的基本形式,用实例说明根据若干已知样本建立变权模型的方法。其数学基础是回归分析。但又不同于多元同归分析。这对还不能达到数理化,又缺乏足够用于建模的可靠数据之地理学将会有较广的适用性。     

四川甘孜生康剪切混杂岩带物质组成、变形特征及演化历史

甘孜生康剪切混杂岩带,它初始发育在陆棚与大陆基之间,是“再生”小洋盆关闭、俯冲－碰撞乃至斜冲剪切、左行走滑综合作用的产物。带内由不同岩性,不同层位,不同时代的构造岩块与遭受强烈剪切变形的粉砂岩、板岩“基质”组合而成。宏观上,无层无序,块体内有序,是造山带特有的非史密斯地层体。     

A new assessment model for evacuation vulnerability in urban areas

In the high-speed urbanization process of China, the urban population has been increasing significantly, leading to a high-density aggregation of population. However, the sharp increase in population density has not produced commensurate improvements in the road networks. On the contrary, the population increase induced a serious evacuation vulnerability, which cities experience during various hazards and catastrophic events. Therefore, research on evacuation vulnerability is important to urban planning. To assess the evacuation vulnerability, the optimal and worst scenarios should be considered because all possible evacuation plans occur between these extremes. However, most previous evacuation vulnerability studies are based on the worst-case scenario, only providing an upper bound of a potential evacuation assessment. To provide a more comprehensive theoretical basis for decision-makers to understand the consequences caused by all possible evacuations, this paper proposes an optimal evacuation vulnerability assessment model that provides the lower bound on potential evacuation difficulties. The model is solved by a stepwise spreading algorithm based on Graph Theory. Subsequently, to evaluate the effectiveness of the model, the study adopts the model to assess the evacuation capability of different road network topologies. A comparison with previous research was performed. The model was demonstrated in an application to the South Luogu Alley of Beijing, China. The significance of this paper is that the combination of our model with previous research may provide a more complete theoretical basis for an evacuation vulnerability assessment.     

区域经济联系定量分析初探：以上海与苏锡常地区经济联系为例

针对目前区域联合日益广泛和经济联系量化研究不足的现状，在联系强度等方面提出一些新概念；阐述了经济联系量化指标的选取，建立了经济联系定量分析模型。     

地铁隧道结构变形监测控制网及其数据处理

由于地铁隧道结构变形监测控制网的特殊性,在变形数据处理过程中基准点稳定性判断是不容忽视的环节,通常稳定性判断是在室内数据处理时进行,为了优化变形数据处理过程,本文采用已有组合后验方差检验法进行基准点稳定性检验,并验证该方法的可靠性,在此基础上提出灵敏度的概念,即检验观测值出现多大变动时能被该方法检测出来,并测试出组合后验方差检验法的灵敏度。通过灵敏度的研究和应用可以现场进行稳定性分析,指导外业变形监测工作,提高观测结果利用率和数据处理效率。     

临界值可变的抗差估计等价权函数

抗差估计等价权函数一般由正态分布统计量构造,其临界值(或称准则)一般由实际经验确定。首先分析了正态分布统计量和学生化残差统计量的区别,然后分别讨论了基于这两种统计量构造的等价权函数的区别。研究表明,利用学生化残差统计量构造的等价权函数以及顾及误差显著性水平确定的临界值,不仅考虑了观测误差的大小,而且还可以顾及了实际观测的图形强度和多余观测数,可以克服人为确定临界值可能带来的参数估计的有效性和抗差性方面的风险。     

黄河流域湿地景观时空演变格局分析

湿地景观的时空演变及其驱动因素研究是湿地生态恢复与保护的重要参考,本文利用1980—2015年7期黄河流域土地利用数据构建黄河流域湿地矢量数据集,基于景观格局指数对黄河流域湿地的时空演变特征进行定量和定性分析;采用转移矩阵对每两个时期湿地资源的转移类型和数量进行计算与分析。研究结果表明,①1980—2015年,黄河流域湿地率为3.5%,其中自然湿地率约为2.0%,即黄河流域的湿地类型以自然湿地为主。②斑块面积结果显示,黄河流域湿地总面积减少了312.74km²,表现为人工湿地增加,自然湿地减少;自然湿地中沼泽湿地呈增加状态,主要是在2005—2010年增加了979.22km²,滩地呈减少状态,减少了1218.19km²,主要发生在1990—1995年和2005—2010年。斑块密度结果显示,随着河渠和滩地受人为活动影响程度的加大,两者的斑块破碎化程度逐渐加大。最大斑块指数结果显示,水田是黄河流域的主导湿地类型,沼泽和湖泊是自然湿地中的主导湿地类型。③黄河流域湿地类型与非湿地之间转换是黄河流域景观转换的主要组成部分,其中沼泽与滩地是面积发生变化的主要湿地类型。     

抗差估计的多波束测深数据内插方法

针对传统多波束测深数据网格化内插方法抗差性不足的问题,该文将抗差估计理论应用于网格化内插方法中。基于不确定度指标建立了距离不确定度联合加权内插模型,在该模型的权函数中引入了等价权,同时给出了等价权设计方案及迭代初值确定原则,以增强模型的抗差性;介绍了一种节点邻域参考点合理选取方法,给出了改进内插法实现的基本步骤,最后通过实测数据对反距离加权法、联合加权法及改进方法内插水深质量进行比较。结果表明,改进方法内插结果要优于另外两种方法,可应用于多波束测深数据网格化处理中。