基于eCognition的玉树结古镇灾情动态监测研究

中国青海省玉树自治州结古镇附近于2014年4月14日7时左右发生了Ms 7.1级地震。利用灾前灾后两个不同时期的高分辨率影像,以结古镇南部地区为例,探讨基于e Cognition平台,选用多尺度分割和最邻近法,对灾前灾后遥感影像进行各类地物信息提取,分析研究区内各地物的动态变化。研究表明:通过面向对象分类的e Cognition软件提取的各地物信息颜色信息丰富,形状大小特征明显,总体分类精度达到90%以上,分类效果良好。并根据提取成果进行统计分析,快速提供受灾地区地震前后整体动态变化情况,为各级政府部门迅速开展地质灾害抢险救援与监测提供支撑。     

Daily river water temperature forecast model with a k‐nearest neighbour approach

Water temperature is a key abiotic variable that modulates both water chemistry and aquatic life in rivers and streams. For this reason, numerous water temperature models have been developed in recent years. In this paper, a k‐nearest neighbour model (KNN) is proposed and validated to simulate and eventually produce a one‐day forecast of mean water temperature on the Moisie River, a watercourse with an important salmon population in eastern Canada. Numerous KNN model configurations were compared by selecting different attributes and testing different weight combinations for neighbours. It was found that the best model uses attributes that include water temperature from the two previous days and an indicator of seasonality (day of the year) to select nearest neighbours. Three neighbours were used to calculate the estimated temperature, and the weighting combination that yielded the best results was an equal weight on all three nearest neighbours. This nonparametric model provided lower Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE = 1·57 °C), Higher Nash coefficient (NTD = 0·93) and lower Relative Bias (RB = ? 1·5%) than a nonlinear regression model (RMSE = 2·45 °C, NTD = 0·83, RB = ? 3%). The k‐nearest neighbour model appears to be a promising tool to simulate of forecast water temperature where long time series are available. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strain distribution across a partially molten middle crust: Insights from the AMS mapping of the Carlos Chagas Anatexite,Araçuaí belt (East Brazil)

The easternmost part of the Neoproterozoic Araçuaí belt comprises an anatectic domain that involves anatexites (the Carlos Chagas unit), leucogranites and migmatitic granulites that display a well-developed fabric. Microstructural observations support that the deformation occurred in the magmatic to submagmatic state. Structural mapping integrating field and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) revealed a complex, 3D structure. The northern domain displays gently dipping foliations bearing a NW-trending lineation, southward, the lineation trend progressively rotates to EW then SW and the foliation is gently folded. The eastern domain displays E–W and NE–SW trending foliations with moderate to steeply dips bearing a dominantly NS trending lineation. Magnetic mineralogy investigation suggests biotite as the main carrier of the magnetic susceptibility in the anatexites and ferromagnetic minerals in the granulites. Crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) measurements using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique suggest that the magnetic fabric comes from the crystalline anisotropy of biotite and feldspar grains, especially. The delineation of several structural domains with contrasted flow fabric suggests a 3D flow field involving westward thrusting orthogonal to the belt, northwestward orogen-oblique escape tectonics and NS orogen-parallel flow. This complex deformation pattern may be due to interplay of collision-driven and gravity-driven deformations.     

推荐系统中物品召回技术的研究进展

信息技术的快速发展导致信息过载.推荐系统是解决信息过载最有效的方式之一.近年来,深度学习的快速发展也带动了推荐系统的进步,各种深度推荐算法层出不穷.然而由于候选物品数量巨大且用户兴趣动态变化,深度推荐算法的推荐复杂度巨大,难以在实际系统中单独使用.在深度推荐技术发展的同时,物品召回技术（也称近似搜索技术）也有了较大的发展与进步.本文先介绍基于距离最小化的物品召回的研究进展,再从向量索引、局部敏感哈希、哈希学习、向量量化四个方面来深入探讨基于内积最大化的物品召回技术的研究进展.     

地铁隧道三维激光扫描数据配准方法

针对传统的迭代最近点算法(ICP)用于多测站点云数据配准时计算效率低的问题,该文提出了一种基于特征点的ICP改进算法,该方法利用相邻两测站数据进行配准的实现。首先采用体素化格网方法对两点云数据集进行精简处理,并计算精简处理后每一点的法向量;然后利用kd-tree最近邻查询搜索特征点之间的对应关系;并通过估计出的最优变换矩阵更新至全局变换,以提高配准精度。实验结果表明,改进的ICP算法在地铁隧道点云数据配准中的效率高于其他的配准方法,为隧道变形监测工作的进行提供保证。     

Characterisation of deformation and flow mechanics around porphyroclasts in a calcite marble ultramylonite by means of EBSD analysis

This paper studies the flow heterogeneity around porphyroclasts associated with greenschist facies deformation of a calcite marble shear zone. Microstructural data from electron backscatter diffraction analyses (EBSD) are used to constrain the flow mechanics of this dominantly non-coaxial type of deformation. The microstructure of the undisturbed ultramylonite (grain-size range 5–100 μm, mean 40 μm) is interpreted to represent steady-state (time-independent) flow conditions with flow planes parallel to the shear zone boundary. Single calcite porphyroclasts (grain-size 1–3 mm) caused flow perturbation in the fine-grained marble ultramylonite. It is the shape, in particular, of these rigid porphyroclasts that controls their rotational behaviour during deformation and, therefore, the development of specific flow fabrics. The flow planes around elongated-rhomboidal, stable porphyroclasts change the orientation to become roughly parallel to the porphyroclast margin, whereas the geometry of flow planes around nearly equant, rotating porphyroclasts describes a δ-type flow pattern. We infer that to some extent decoupling at the clast–matrix interface has occurred to guarantee a stable orientation of elongated porphyroclasts, but was not sufficient to reduce the rotation rate of equant clasts to zero. According to the flow deflection, the general crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) with its single c-axis maximum perpendicular to the flow plane is rotated about an axis which is (sub)parallel to the kinematic rotation axis of the shear zone. Ultramylonite microstructures, CPOs and misorientation data are best explained by the dual operation of grain-size-insensitive (dislocation creep with recovery and recrystallization) and grain-size-sensitive (diffusion creep) mechanisms. The limited grain-size reduction around porphyroclasts suggests that the grain-size-insensitive mechanisms controlled rheology.     

Paleostress orientation from 3-D orientation distribution of microcracks in quartz from the Cretaceous granodiorite core samples drilled through the Nojima Fault, south-west Japan

Abstract The orientations of both healed extension microcracks and microcracks in quartz grains sealed mostly by carbonate minerals were measured from Cretaceous granodiorite core samples drilled along the Nojima Fault, southwest Japan. The preferred orientations of both healed and sealed microcracks consist of approximately three orthogonal sets, (components) A, B and C, in which A strikes NS–NW-SE and dips vertically, B strikes EW–NE-SW and dips vertically, and C is subhorizontal. Both the healed and sealed microcracks were possibly formed by hydraulic fracturing, and the successive release of tensile stress due to pore fluid overpressure in the principal stress directions could have caused this microcracking in mutually orthogonal directions. The quartz grains are also very moderately plastically deformed, which is indicated by the occurrence of kink bands and undulose extinction. The association of healed microcracks and kink bands in the quartz suggests that these microstructures formed under subgreenschist facies conditions (≈300°C) during hydrothermal activity that could have occurred immediately after the emplacement of granodiorite during the Late Cretaceous period. Based on both the preferred orientation of microcracks, and c-axis fabrics of kinked and unkinked grains (so called kink method), it is inferred that the σ₁-and σ₃-axis were oriented horizontally in NS–NW-SE and EW–NE-SW directions, respectively. The inferred paleostress field does not conform to the east–west-trending compression during the Quaternary period, but to the activation of EW–NE-SW-trending, left–lateral strike–slip faults during the Late Cretaceous period in southwest Japan.     

上地幔的岩石组构和各向异性

着重介绍了上地幔各向异性及其成因,研究内容和方法,各向异性研究的地球动力学意义,并强调指出橄榄石和辉石在塑性固态流动过程中产生的晶格优选方位或组构是导致上地幔各向异性最主要原因。     

实现栅格图形和图像数据矢量化提取的游程轮廓追踪法

提出一种直接利用栅格图形游程编码进行图斑边界多边形矢量化提取的有效方法。对遥感图像专题信息和栅格型地理空间分析结果的矢量化提取是GIS的重要手段 ,栅格数据结构可简化解决叠置分析等一类空间分析问题 ,其中需要高效矢量化技术的支撑。本方法充分利用栅格游程编码所具有的可操作性强、检索和转换便捷、隐含横向差异信息、可处理高精度和大规格图形和图像等特征 ,定义了“上邻游程”和“下邻游程” ,并采用相应有效查找算法和基于游程轮廓追踪的矢量化技术 ,使得计算机处理栅格数据矢量化的规模、精度和效率明显提高 ,可广泛应用于栅格型地理空间分析和遥感图像处理等方面。     

Strain softening and microstructural evolution of anorthite aggregates and quartz-anorthite layered composites deformed in torsion

Torsion experiments of anorthite (An) aggregates and layered composites with equal volume fractions of quartz (Qtz) and An were performed in a gas-medium apparatus at a confining pressure of 400 MPa, temperatures from 1373 to 1473 K, and twist rates from 1.0×10⁻⁴ to 3.0×10⁻⁴ rad/s. Dense specimens were fabricated from An glass and Qtz crystalline powder using hot isostatic pressing (HIP) techniques. Both An aggregates and Qtz-An layered composites show a continuous strain weakening from a peak stress at γ=0.2-0.3 to γ=3.2, and steady-state flow has not reached under the experimental conditions. The weakening is even more pronounced in the layered composites than the monolithic aggregates, suggesting channeling or localization of flow into the weak material between strong layers. The sheared An specimens developed pervasively C-S-C′ structures which are similar to those observed in natural ductile shear zones. TEM and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) fabric analyses suggest that grain boundary migration recrystallization-accommodated dislocation creep with (010)[100] as the dominant slip system was operating in the An. The strain softening may be due to the development of crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO), the operation of dynamic recrystallization and the formation of extremely fine-grained recrystallized material in the narrow C′ shear bands.