Toward a working taxonomy of geodesign practice

As an emerging area of study, geodesign discussions and publications have used practice as a vital source of inspiration and evidence of the early successes of the field. A closer examination of geodesign projects reveals some similarities and differences within the practice currently discussed as geodesign. Using 28 examples of geodesign projects, this paper identifies classes of examples that are similar. Based on the practical evidence represented in the examples, a 3‐level classification system is proposed for providing a basic taxonomy for geodesign projects. This taxonomic system characterizes the classes based on: (1) whether the examples ceded some design control to the computer; (2) whether public participation is incorporated into the design process; and (3) whether it employs complex substantive models. This taxonomy offers a means for understanding and describing the diversity of geodesign while also raising new questions about the boundaries and structure of the field.     

Evidence for the effects of land use on freshwater ecosystems in New Zealand

ABSTRACT

To meet the challenges of preventing and reversing adverse effects of land use on ecosystems, management actions need to be founded on strong evidence. We used the pressure-state-impact (PSI) framework to assess evidence of land-use effects on New Zealand freshwater ecosystems. The evidence consisted of published quantitative and categorical associations linking land-use pressures to state changes and ecological impacts in rivers, lakes and aquifers. There was substantial evidence of land-use effects, particularly where land use/land cover (LULC) classes were used as pressure variables. Proportions of catchment area in urban and pastoral LULC were consistently, positively correlated with contaminant levels in water bodies and negatively correlated with ecological-health indicators. Other consistent PSI associations included positive correlations between cattle stocking rates and river contaminant levels, increased fine sediment and decreased ecological-health scores in rivers following forest harvest, and increased river contaminant levels at sites with stock access. Despite these consistent associations, the evidence base has four general shortcomings that should be addressed: (1) inadequate integration of data and models that link land use and contaminant loss to state changes and impacts in freshwater ecosystems; (2) weak inferences based on LULC; (3) reliance on categorical PSI associations; (4) gaps in reported PSI associations.     

基于经纬仪解析法数字化测图的测量实习改革

受学生培养规模扩大和数字化测量设备资源配置的限制,传统的测量教学实习较多以经纬仪模拟法白纸测图为主,实习内容及方法均已陈旧过时。本文探讨了当前测量实习存在的突出问题,在对比分析经纬仪模拟法白纸测图、经纬仪解析法数字化测图和全站仪测记法数字化测图等3种测图方法的基础上,尝试了以经纬仪解析法数字化测图为主要形式的测量实习教学新模式,经试点应用,实习教学效果较好。     

地理信息科学专业3S综合实习课程教学内容探讨

随着社会的发展和技术的不断进步,3S技术的应用越来越广泛,同时对专业技术人员的实际操作能力要求也越来越高。3S综合实习是地理信息科学专业的综合实践性课程,是对测量学、地图学、遥感、GIS、GPS等方面知识的综合应用。通过该课程的实践教学,将很好地提高学生的动手能力和解决实际问题的能力。在通过对国内一些主要高校调研的基础上,探讨了该课程的教学内容及教学方法,为相关院校开展GIS的实践教学提供了参考。     

对现代水文的认识与实践

本文阐述了对现代水文内涵的认识,详述了广东水文为实现人水关系协调发展,在站网建设、信息采集和应用等方面的现代水文主要实践内容,初步构建了自然水环境与人类社会和谐相处的服务体系,通过近20年来的实践,取得了初步成效,并对现代水文的研究方向和方法作出了展望。     

水环境治理中排污权交易的国际经验及上海的实践

排污权交易作为环境经济手段是运用市场机制进行环境管理的新尝试，其在水环境治理方面的应用发达国家有较多的成功案例。本文着重介绍了排污权交易的理论基础、模式分析，总结了国外及上海在水环境治理中开展排污权交易的实践。     

Certification,good agricultural practice and smallholder heterogeneity: Differentiated pathways for resolving compliance gaps in the Indonesian oil palm sector

Enhancing smallholder compliance with sustainability standards and good agricultural practices features prominently on the global sustainability agenda. Operating in a sector that bears intense public scrutiny, Indonesia’s oil palm smallholders are especially confronted by pressures to enhance their environmental performance. Because smallholders experience differentiated compliance barriers however, it is widely recognized that for the purpose of more effectively prioritizing and targeting the necessary intervention support, smallholder heterogeneity needs to be better understood. This is especially the case for independent – in contrast to ‘plasma’ - oil palm smallholders, for whom corporate technical, input and financial support is comparatively inaccessible. Through multivariate analysis, this article contributes to these needs by developing a typology of independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesian Borneo. We subsequently model the predicted probabilities of different types of smallholders complying with Indonesia’s major national sustainability standard and select indicators of good agricultural practice. This analysis reveals structural compliance gaps, which threatens to restrict smallholder access to formal markets in future. In showing that intervention strategies to resolve these compliance gaps can be more impactful when these are adapted to smallholder livelihood assets, portfolios and strategies, this article points to the importance of more explicitly accounting for socio-economic differentiation when addressing contemporary smallholder upgrading challenges. With results however revealing how local entrepreneurs and elites complicit in regulatory evasion and illegal land encroachments play a significant role in the sub-sector, local political resistance to initiatives that aim to bring the sub-sector above board can be anticipated. This highlights how institutional building needs to be more explicitly incorporated into the design of smallholder-centric intervention strategies; through, for example, the adoption of more integrative landscape-level planning approaches.     

Transformational adaptation on the farm: Processes of change and persistence in transitions to ‘climate-smart’ regenerative agriculture

Regenerative agriculture, an alternative form of food and fiber production, concerns itself with enhancing and restoring resilient systems supported by functional ecosystem processes and healthy, organic soils capable of producing a full suite of ecosystem services, among them soil carbon sequestration and improved soil water retention. As such, climate change mitigation and adaptation are incidental to a larger enterprise that employs a systems approach to managing landscapes and communities. The transformative potential of regenerative agriculture has seen growing attention in the popular press, but few empirical studies have explored the processes by which farmers enter into, navigate, and, importantly, sustain the required paradigm shift in their approach to managing their properties, farm businesses, and personal lives. We draw on theories and insights associated with relational thinking to analyze the experiences of farmers in Australia who have undertaken and sustained transitions from conventional to regenerative agriculture. We present a conceptual framework of “zones of friction and traction” occurring in personal, practical, and political spheres of transformation that both challenge and facilitate the transition process. Our findings illustrate the ways in which deeply held values and emotions influence and interact with mental models, worldviews, and cultural norms as a result of regular monitoring; and how behavioral change is sustained through the establishment of self-amplifying positive feedbacks involving biophilic emotions, a sense of well-being, and an ever-expanding worldview. We conclude that transitioning to regenerative agriculture involves more than a suite of ‘climate-smart’ mitigation and adaptation practices supported by technical innovation, policy, education, and outreach. Rather, it involves subjective, nonmaterial factors associated with culture, values, ethics, identity, and emotion that operate at individual, household, and community scales and interact with regional, national and global processes. Findings have implications for strategies aimed at facilitating a large-scale transition to climate-smart regenerative agriculture.     

以“图”为纽带的测量学与GIS课程一体化实践教学的研究

为适应测绘信息化背景下测绘学科和测绘行业的发展变化,加强对学生测绘与地理信息综合能力的培养,本文针对目前非测绘类工程专业中的测量学和GIS课程的实践教学,研究了以"图"为纽带,对两门课程进行一体化实践教学的改革。