兴国县土壤侵蚀变化的遥感监测与分析

兴国县是南方红壤丘陵区水土流失最严重的地区之一,近20年的综合治理成效显著。为分析该时期县域内水土流失的变化趋势,并掌握其目前的水土流失状况,本文选用1987、1994和2000年的TM影像,采用基于NDVI 的动态监测和影像分类相结合的方法.对江西兴国县近20年水土流失的情况进行分析,定性与定量地反映兴国县水土流失的时空变化趋势,并结合地形因素进行交叉分析,获取水土流失的空间分布规律。兴国县水土流失变化分析结果表明:在水土流失面积方面,这3年中均呈减少趋势;在空间分布上,中南部和东部部分地区流失强度下降幅度较大,强度明显加剧的区域较少,除西南部的部分地区外,仅在县境边缘有零星分布。目前,水土流失主要分布在海拔500m以下和坡度20°以下的地区。     

基于公路网络的甘肃省城市旅游腹地研究

甘肃省旅游资源丰富,有3 个5A级和15 个4A级景区,但是由于受交通条件和经济因素的影响,旅游经济并不是十分发达.本文将城市地理学的腹地理论应用于旅游规划中,同时考虑中心城市旅游经济综合规模和公路交通条件,在GIS软件支持下,采用矢量数据的空间分析方法,以2009 年甘肃省14 个地级市州为研究对象,借助场强模型和哈夫模型,计算旅游经济的场强,进行城市旅游腹地的测定,发现场强随着距离中心城市和路网越远而逐渐减小,并且腹地多形成于中心城市周边,沿路网分布十分明显.然后将旅游腹地与市域行政区范围进行叠置分析,找出属于处于相同层次类型的城市,以期为增加全省旅游经济收入,全省城市旅游经济区划和旅游规划编制提供参考.     

GIS与土壤溶质运移模型结合研究进展

地理信息系统对土壤溶质模型研究而言,使用者的要求与GIS所能提供的功能之间,还存在巨大的差距。出于对环境问题的关注,土壤中水分及溶质运移的规律及其对环境的影响,成为当前研究的热点。随着对土壤溶质运移模型研究的深入,一方面由于田间土壤特性具有很大的空间变异;另一方面,在实际应用中,往往溶质运移的宏观特征而非微观特征,具有更重要的意义。将溶质运移模型与GIS技术结合,定量研究空间尺度的溶质运移,成为溶质运移研究的必然发展趋势。由于计算机软硬件技术的发展,GIS正处于一个高速发展的时期。将GIS与溶质运移模型相结合,或者进一步,以GIS理论和技术为基础,建立基于GIS的溶质运移模型,将对溶质运移的规律及其对环境的影响,做出更深入和准确的描述。     

怒江六库水电站建设移民搬迁地的GIS分析选择

云南水能资源丰富,是我国重要的水电基地,水电开发具有综合效益好、比较成本低的显著特点,可极大地拉动当地的经济社会发展。电站建设涉及面广,需要解决的问题多,移民就是其中历来困扰水电开发建设的难题之一,移民搬迁贯穿于电站建设全过程,是水电开发不可分割的重要组成部分。随着社会的进步,以人为本观念的渗透,科学、有效地为水电开发移民选择理想的安置地,让移民真正从水电开发中受益已显得越来越重要。本文以拟建的怒江流域梯级电站中的六库电站为例,探讨采用GIS的空间叠置分析、缓冲区分析、网络分析等空间分析技术为移民寻找适宜居住的最佳搬迁地。安置区的选择,我们主要考虑以下因素:(1)靠近集镇或主要交通线,便于各类配套实施的建设及对外交往;(2)充裕的适宜开发的土地资源和水源条件;(3)坡度小于25度的区域;(4)安置区最好在本县,与所在区域居民语言相通,传统习俗相近便于沟通交流,有认同感;(5)安置区选择与自然保护区、国家重点建设规划用地不冲突。     

基于GIS的中国人居环境自然适宜性评价

With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization, human environment has attracted great attention worldwide. This paper sets up the Human Settle-ments Environment Index (HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology. The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general, HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient (r) between them reaches 0.93, which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution. Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability. The total suitable area is 430.47×104> km2, which ac-counts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China, while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%. With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer, the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China. The critical area covers 225.11×104 km2 with a population of 41.12 million. The non-suitable area covers 304.42×104 km2 with a population of only 2.49 million.     

南水北调中线工程水源区农耕地分等定级研究

选取了坡度、土地利用类型、土壤类型、海拔高度、坡向等5个主导评价因子.采用等差指数多因子综合分析与最低限制性因子分析相结合的方法,利用ARCGIS 9.0软件提取相关信息,对南水北调中线工程水源区农耕地进行了分等定级.结果表明,最适宜和中度适宜的土地面积分别占3.4%和36.5%,以中低产田为主;临界适宜和不适宜的土地面积占16.8%和43.4%,具有潜在的宜林宜牧利用价值.研究结果对于水源区制定农业发展政策,科学合理、高效利用土地尤其是耕地资源,实现生态环境保护与经济的协调发展具有重要意义.     

Exploring the Spatiotemporal Pattern of Cyberbullying with Yik Yak

Cyberbullying is an emerging social issue along with the prevalence of social media. Previous studies have used extensive surveys or firsthand data primarily from conventional social networks¹1 Social media whose users primarily use their real name and provide identifiable information, although some might use pseudonyms (e.g., Facebook and Twitter).View all notes (e.g., Twitter) to study cyberbullying, which often ignores the factor of anonymity and location. Considering the sensitive nature and contagious effect of cyberbullying, a better understanding of the spatiotemporal pattern in cyberbullying is sorely needed to develop effective policies to combat this toxic social behavior. Grounded in the dramaturgy theory and the emerging literature on technoself, this study aims to compare cyberbullying in the anonymous social media (Yik Yak) with the conventional social media (Twitter) and explore its spatiotemporal patterns. A support vector machine is used to help identify records with bullying content. Average nearest neighbor, kernel density, and Ripley's K-function are used to explore the spatiotemporal patterns of cyberbullying behavior. We have found that cyberbullying is more likely to occur in anonymous than conventional social media. We also detected a clustering pattern corresponding to the student population, which can be explained by the dramaturgy theory and recent studies on technoself. In addition to making suggestions to help reduce cyberbullying in the future, this article also sheds light on the need for future studies.     

广州市城市电力消费对气候变化的响应

低纬度地区的城市电力消费对气候变化有较为敏感的响应。该文引入了气候变化对农业产量和能源影响的研究方法, 分别建立了气候变化对电力消费影响强度的动态评估模型和降温度日模型, 对广州市城市电力消费对气候变化的响应作了深入分析。结果表明:广州市城市电力消费量主要受到气温、湿度、风速等气象因子的影响, 其中气温为关键性因子; 综合考虑各气候因子和气候变化的稳定性, 1956—2005年的近50年, 广州市气候变化对城市电力消费影响强度是持续稳定增加的, 正强度出现的概率呈现出增大趋势, 以10%/10a的速度增长; 通过对广州市降温度日的分析可知, 5—10月为主要的降温时期, 其气温的升高对降温度日强度变化影响很大, 达到46.6%/ ℃, 同时, 广州市的降温期长度变率也呈递增趋势, 因此, 气温的升高引发的降温度日的增加对广州市城市电力消费有深刻影响; 在未来气候变暖情景下, 夏季平均最高气温每升高1 ℃, 广州市全年单位工业产值耗电将增加2.02%, 5—10月的平均气温每升高1 ℃, 居民生活用电量的百分比将增加1.25%。在未来, 气候变暖将使城市用电压力有继续增大的趋势。     

土水特征曲线的通用数学模型研究

土水特征曲线对于研究非饱和土的物理力学特性至关重要。根据土水特征曲线可以确定非饱和土的强度、体应变和渗透系数 ,甚至可以确定地下水面以上水份分布。由于土体物理力学特性的差异 ,导致描述其土水特征曲线的数学模型也各不相同。因此 ,建立土水特征曲线的通用数学表达式 ,显得尤为必要。本文对土水特征曲线数学模型进行了研究 ,依据这些模型的数学表达式形式 ,将其划分为 4种类型。分别由这 4种类型的数学模型推导出具有统一表达式形式的土水特征曲线通用数学模型 ,并运用陕北高原黄土土水特征曲线试验数据对通用数学模型进行了研究     

Spatial-temporal differences in in-stream flow requirement based on GIS： A case study of Yan＇an region,northern Shaanxi

Although water has the central function of the bloodstream in the biosphere especially in arid or semi-arid regions such as Yah＇an region in northwestern China, yet the very limited attention is paid to the role of the water-related processes in ecosystem. In this research, based on continuous nearly 50-year data including runoff volume, sediment discharge as well as sediment accretion from hydrographic stations, and 10-year information of water quality from pollution monitoring stations, the method for measuring in-stream flow requirement has been put forward supported by experiential models and GIS spatial analysis. Additionally, the changes of in-stream flow requirement for environment and economic development have been addressed from spatial-temporal dimensions. The results show that： （1） According to the central streams in Yan＇an region, mean annual in-stream flow requirement reaches 1.0619 billion m^3, and the surface water for economic exploitation is 0.2445 billion m3 （2） Mean annual in-stream flow requirement for sediment transfers in flood period occupies over 80% of the integrated volume in a year. （3） From the 1950s to 1970s, in-stream flow requirement for sediment transfers is comparatively higher, while from the 1980s to 1990s, this requirement presents a decreasing tendency.