洪河国家级自然保护区湿地功能区保育与湿地补偿研究

黑龙江洪河国家级自然保护区位于三江平原腹地,保护区内有众多国家重点保护的野生动植物物种。由于保护区的功能区划和周边地区农田用地的开发,保护区已经面临着水资源匮乏、湿地退化等问题。本文从保护区的湿地功能区保育现状和保护区各功能区生态补偿等方面研究了洪河自然保护区湿地生态补偿问题,确保洪河湿地生物多样性的完整性,达到湿地生物多样性保护与可持续利用的目的。     

Mechanisms of suspended sediment restoration and bed level compensation in downstream reaches of the Three Gorges Projects (TGP)

River basin reservoir construction affects water and sediment transport processes in downstream reaches. The downstream impact of the Three Gorges Projects (TGP) has started to become apparent: (1) reduction in flood duration and discharge, and significant reduction in sediment load. Although there was some restoration in downstream sediment load, the total amount did not exceed the pre-impoundment annual average; (2) in 2003–2014, the d > 0.125 mm (coarse sand) load was restored to some degree, and to a maximum at Jianli Station, which was mainly at the pre-impoundment average. After restoration, erosion and deposition characteristics of the sediment was identical to that before impoundment. The degree of restoration during 2008–2014 was less than during 2003–2007; (3) after TGP impoundment, there was some restoration in d < 0.125 mm (fine sand) sediment load, however, it was lower than the pre-impoundment average; (4) due to riverbed compensation, the d > 0.125 mm sediment load recovered to a certain degree after impoundment, however, the total did not exceed 4400×10⁴ t/y. This was mainly limited by flood duration and the average flow rate, and was less affected by upstream main stream, tributaries, or lakes. Restoration of d < 0.125 mm suspended sediment was largely controlled by upstream main stream, tributaries, and lakes, as well as by riverbed compensation. Due to bed armoring, riverbed fine suspended sediment compensation capability was weakened; (5) during 2003–2007 and 2008–2014, Yichang to Zhicheng and upper Jingjiang experienced coarse and fine erosion, lower Jingjiang experienced coarse deposition and fine erosion, Hankou to Datong had coarse deposition and fine erosion, and Chenglingji and Hankou was characterized by coarse deposition and fine sand erosion in 2003–2007, and coarse and fine erosion in 2008–2014. This difference was controlled by flood duration and number at Luoshan Station.     

A Review and Implication of Land Fallow System Research

Land fallow is of great significance for undertaking land reclamation, safeguarding national food security, promoting environmental improvements and ensuring the sustainable use of land resources. This paper reviews the important achievements in three areas of research on the land fallow system. It reviews and compares the land fallow system in different countries and regions of the world; it examines the response of farmers to the land fallow system and ecological environment; and it looks at the economic effects of the land fallow system. Based on China's rotation system for cultivated land, some relevant policy implications are put forward. Based on the different degrees of land damage, the evaluation system and the subsidy accounting standard for fallow land are formulated, and the compulsory fallow and voluntary participation of the niche fallow are targeting. The land fallow system should improve both the regulatory and the restraint mechanisms, improve the environmental awareness and environmental protection skills of farmers, change the production behaviors of farmers, and encourage farmers to change to high coverage crops to protect the land. In view of the negative effects produced by implementation of the fallow system should take corresponding management and compensation measures.     

油源断裂油气富集有利部位的预测方法及其应用

为了研究含油气盆地下生上储式生储盖组合中油气分布规律,在油源断裂油气富集有利部位及其影响因素研究的基础上,通过确定油源断裂输导油气的有利部位、砂体相对发育部位和伴生微幅度鼻状构造发育部位,将三者叠合建立了一套预测油源断裂油气富集有利部位的方法,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷廊固凹陷大柳泉地区旧州断裂6条分支断裂油气富集有利部位的预测中。结果表明:旧州断裂6条分支断裂发育4处油气富集有利部位,其中F_1和F_2断裂各发育2处油气富集有利部位, F_3、F_4、F_5、F_6断裂不发育油气富集有利部位, F_1和F_2断裂发育的4处油气富集有利部位有利于油气在沙三段中下亚段大规模聚集成藏,与目前旧州断裂附近沙三段中下亚段已发现油气分布相吻合,表明该方法是可行的。     

强反射能量屏蔽补偿在渤海C构造中的应用

在渤海海域西南部广泛分布着新生界的溢流相火成岩,高速层的能量屏蔽是造成火成岩发育区下覆地层地震波场信号弱的主要原因之一。传统的自动增益控制方法(AGC)在分时窗滑动补偿下覆地层被屏蔽的弱信号的同时,破坏了火成岩与下覆地层的能量关系,且时窗内火成岩层之间的弱信号也无法得到有效恢复。这里从反射系数与振幅补偿的关系出发,基于模型论证了利用射线追踪提取地震波传播路径上的反射系数来求取补偿因子,进而开展相对振幅补偿过程的有效性。在渤海油田多个构造的振幅补偿结果,较好地恢复了火成岩屏蔽地层的能量损失,且地层间的振幅关系也得到相对保持,取得了较好的实际应用效果。     

多波束测深外业数据提取与显示系统设计与开发

论述了多波束测深外业数据提取与显示系统的组成及功能,系统功能测试情况以及系统开发过程中主要解决的问题,并对进一步完善该系统提出了有关建议。     

应用碳、氮稳定同位素研究北部湾带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)食性及营养级

采用胃含物分析法及碳、氮稳定同位素法,对北部湾带鱼的饵料组成、营养级和摄食习性随肛长的变化进行研究。结果表明,北部湾带鱼的食物主要由中上层鱼类、头足类、底栖甲壳类以及浮游动物等43种饵料生物组成,以质量百分比为指标,优势饵料为蓝圆鲹、裘氏小沙丁鱼、少鳞犀鳕和尖吻小公鱼等鱼类以及中国枪乌贼(6.07%)等头足类。δ13C值随着生物栖息水层的深度而增加,饵料生物中的中上层鱼类蓝圆鲹和底栖鱼类粗纹分别具有最低和最高值。根据食物质量比例及δ15N计算的北部湾带鱼营养级平均值和周年平均值均为3.7。带鱼营养级在各月份之间周年变化及随肛长增加差异不显著。真空冷冻干燥与恒温烘干进行样品预处理δ13C差异不显著,而δ15N则差异极显著。     

生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响——渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析

耕地比较效益低下引致耕地保护经济补偿成为破解耕地保护问题的客观选择,而影响经济补偿成败的关键因素之一在于补偿模式设计是否符合农户诉求,因此定量刻画农户生计资产差异对其补偿模式选择的影响便是补偿模式设计的核心.运用参与式农村评价法(PRA)对渝西方山丘陵3 个样点村392 户农户进行了实地调查,构建了农户生计资产六边形计量分析框架,运用灰色关联分析模型和Probit 回归分析法对农户生计资产差异与补偿模式选择意愿间耦合关系的存在性和影响度进行了分析,并设计了差别化耕地保护经济补偿模式.研究结果表明：① 农户生计资产存在属性差异和空间分异.农户生计总资产呈现由自给型纯农户到非农户递增的总体趋势,空间上存在海拔越高生计资产越低的趋势.② 农户对耕地保护经济补偿模式的选择意愿存在随农户生计资产差异由“成都模式”向“佛山模式”过渡的趋势,不同地带农户模式选择意愿存在空间分异.③ 农户生计资产差异与耕地保护补偿模式选择间存在耦合关系,自然资产与农户模式选择意愿呈负相关,社会资产对农户的模式选择影响最小,金融资产对农户模式选择的影响较弱,人力资产和物质资产对农户决策均产生较显著影响,心理资产对农户的决策影响最为显著.④ 根据农户生计资产缺乏情况为7 种类型农户设计了概念性的补偿模式体系,并就补偿方法、补偿依据、补偿标准和补偿资金来源问题进行了探讨.     

土地利用可持续发展位理论构建与应用

结合土地利用生态位理论和可持续发展理论,构建了土地利用可持续发展位理论,其核心内容包括土地利用可持续发展基本位、理想位、优势位、关键位和土地利用可持续发展位空间概念及模型。以甘肃省为例,测算确定了甘肃各地州市建设用地与新增建设用地可持续发展位空间。甘肃各地州市建设用地除了嘉峪关、金昌市指标值超出可持续发展位空间外,其余各地州市建设用地控制指标均处于可持续发展位空间内。白银、武威、张掖、酒泉、庆阳、甘南的指标值接近于理想目标;天水、平凉、定西、陇南、临夏的指标值趋近于适度目标。新增建设用地可持续发展位空间结果除平凉市和甘南州外,其余各地州市的控制指标均处于新增建设用地控制指标与其可持续发展位空间之间。表明《甘肃省土地利用总体规划（2006-2020）》确定的各地建设用地与新增建设用地控制规模基本均处于可持续发展位空间范围。甘肃省的实践证明,土地利用可持续发展位理论可用于系统研究土地生态系统变化规律,指导土地资源的可持续利用。     

地质雷达频率补偿与校正技术

雷达波在地下传播过程中会发生衰减、频散和受到其他干扰的影响,这在一定程度上限制了地质雷达的探测分辨率和最终解释效果。为了降低这些影响,在地层系统响应模型基础之上,通过从原始记录中求取频率补偿与校正因子,既而对原始记录的频谱进行补偿校正,达到改善地质雷达剖面记录,提高探测分辨率的目的。为了更好地了解频率补偿与校正技术的有效性,从原理到应用效果给予了详细的介绍,同时与尖脉冲反褶积的应用效果作比较,进一步说明了频率补偿与校正技术在降噪和提高分辨率处理上的一些技术特点。