Surficial fractures in the Navajo sandstone,south-western USA: the roles of thermal cycles,rainstorms, granular disintegration,and iterative cracking

Deep (> 5 m) sheeting fractures in the Navajo sandstone are evident at numerous sites in southern Utah and derive from tectonic stresses. Strong diurnal thermal cycles are, however, the likely triggers for shallow (< 0.3 m) sheeting fractures. Data from subsurface thermal sensors reveal that large temperature differences between sensors at 2 and 15 cm depth on clear summer afternoons are as great as those that trigger sheeting fractures in exposed California granite. Extensive polygonal patterns in the Navajo sandstone are composed of surface-perpendicular fractures and were produced by contractile stresses. Numerous studies have shown that porewater diminishes the tensile strength of sandstone. Based on our thermal records, we propose that cooling during monsoonal rainstorms triggers polygonal fracturing of temporarily weakened rock. On steep outcrops, polygonal patterns are rectilinear and orthogonal, with T-vertices. Lower-angle slopes host hexagonal patterns (defined by the dominance of Y-vertices). Intermediate patterns with rectangles and hexagons of similar scale are common. We posit that outcropping fractures are advancing downward by iterative steps, and that hexagons on sandstone surfaces (like prismatic columns of basalt) have evolved from ancestral orthogonal polygons of similar scale. In lava flows, fractures elongate intermittently as they follow a steep thermal gradient (the source of stress) as it rapidly moves through the rock mass. In our model, a steep, surficial thermal gradient descends through unfractured sandstone, but at the slow pace of granular disintegration. Through time, as the friable rock on stable slopes erodes, iterative cracking advances into new space. Hexagonal patterns form as new fractures, imperfectly guided by the older ones, propagate in new directions, and vertices drift into a configuration that minimizes the ratio of fracture length to polygon area. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stream tube integration method for analysing subsurface fluid flow

A stream tube integration method is introduced to solve transient subsurface fluid flow problems. The method combines a geometry-embedded form of Darcy's Law and the notion of location of average. Two types of problems, transient radial flow to a well of finite radius in an areally infinite aquifer and in a double porosity system, are solved by the stream tube integration method and the integral finite difference method. Results of the solutions show that the stream tube integration method, with fixed coarse mesh, are more accurate and better behaved than the integral finite difference method, with fine mesh. The fixed mesh stream tube integration method is readily extended to the moving mesh method. With much coarse mesh, the moving mesh technique can obtain the same accurate results as the fixed mesh stream tube integration method. It is suggested that the stream tube integration method is a viable way to state, solve, interpret and verify numerical solutions. The method provides efficient computation and improved accuracy for analysing subsurface fluid flow. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of numerical solution and semi-empirical formulas to predict the effects of important design parameters on porpoising region of a planing vessel

Stability of the marine vessels in different conditions is one of the most important problems in the design of a planing vessel. In this research, the effects of some important design parameters (mass, longitudinal center of mass, deadrise angle, and length) of DTMB 62 model 4667-1 planing hull on the drag and also on the longitudinal dynamic stability (porpoising) are investigated in the velocity range of 2.12–8.486 m/s in calm water. In this paper, both numerical simulation of Reynolds Average Naiver Stokes (RANS) equations and semi-empirical formulas of Savitsky are used to analyze the motion of a 4667 planing vessel in calm water with two degrees of freedom (2DOF). For this purpose a finite volume, ANSYS-FLUENT, code is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for the simulation of the flow field around the vessel. In addition, an explicit VOF scheme and SST- Kω model is used with dynamic mesh scheme to capture the interface of a two-phase flow and to model the turbulence respectively, in 2DOF model (heave and pitch). Also, the results of both methods are compared with each other. According to the present results, changing the aspect ratio of the vessel and also the longitudinal center of gravity have the most effect on the porpoising region.     

基于无线Mesh网络技术的应急通信技术应用

强烈地震发生后,灾区现场通信网络设施往往遭到破坏,因此快速建立有效且覆盖面大的应急通信网络,及时传递灾情信息,对现场组织救灾及指挥调度等救援工作具有重大意义。无线网络具有组网简单快速、成本低等技术特点,适合作为现场应急通信的网络平台。本文提出了一种基于无线Mesh网络技术的地震现场应急通信方法,在灾区现场迅速组建无线局域网,从而实现信息传递和共享,整个系统组网快捷、健壮性好,并且通过卫星通信技术可以将各局域网组成灾区广域网并进一步接入互联网,该方法能满足地震现场应急通信信息传输的基本要求。     

松辽盆地三肇凹陷多边形断层系的油气成藏意义

松辽盆地三肇凹陷白垩系中发育了大量规模不等的断层,一般认为大断层是油气运移的重要通道,对小断层研究较少。小断层在平面上相互交织形成多边形的形态,还具有平面延伸长度小、断距小、倾角大的特征,综合分析认为这些小断层为多边形断层系。三肇凹陷多边形断层系发育广泛,平面上遍布整个凹陷,垂向上在扶杨油层和葡萄花油层中均有发育。研究表明多边形断层系有着重要的油气成藏意义：多边形断层系是扶杨油层的主要运移通道,控制着油层的分布,广泛发育的多边形断层系是扶杨油层平面连片的主要原因;大断层和多边形断层系均是葡萄花油层的运移通道,其中多边形断层系在葡萄花油层的油气运移过程中起分流作用,对葡萄花油层的分布有一定的影响作用。     

组合式面板双绞合六边形钢丝网加筋土挡墙现场试验研究

为研究双绞合六边形钢丝网加筋土挡墙的受力、变形特性,对潭衡（湘潭－衡阳）西线高速公路K124+340断面组合式面板双绞合六边形钢丝网加筋土挡墙进行了现场试验,测试了竖向土压力、水平土压力、筋材拉应变分布规律和格宾箱变形规律。结果表明：在筋材长度方向上,竖向土压力在挡墙下部呈双峰型分布,而在上部呈单峰形分布;墙背水平土压力沿墙高呈非线性分布,最大值发生在墙高约1.5 m处,实测水平土压力小于主动压力;筋材应变在筋长方向上呈非线性分布,各层筋材的应变分布模式不相同;筋材的变形主要发生在施工期,格宾箱的变形呈鼓胀式     

地形模型的多分辨率简化与压缩

在地形的三维表达中 ,海量的三维数据在显示、存储、传输等方面存在着很多困难。为了解决这些困难 ,本文提出了一种基于渐进简化的多分辨率几何简化与压缩方法。通过该种方法 ,复杂的地形模型能够很好的被简化成适于LOD连续表达的方式 ,并且在简化基础上的数据压缩可使地形模型的存储量减少、绘制速度增加、网络传输效率提高 ,其结果能够胜任地形模型在网络上的渐进传输     

多重网格法在MM5自适应模式中的应用

将多重网格法应用于MM5中来加速自适应网格的生成,并用这种方法来模拟2002年6月17-18日发生在江南和华南的暴雨过程。试验表明：在收敛精度要求高的情况下自适应模式模拟结果的精度高于均匀网格模式,且多重网格法有助于提高运算效率。     

Snow loads on wire mesh and cable net rockfall slope protection systems

Snow load on mesh systems is complicated by many factors. This paper presents field instrumentation data on snow load variation with temperature, snowfall and snow depth on a mesh system. It was found that snow load pattern on mesh systems changed with temperature even without variation in snow depth. It reached its maximum value when the temperature rose just above freezing to melt the interface. The field data was used to formulate appropriate snow load models for the various conditions of temperature in the field. The snow load models were used to study the performance of a number of mesh systems in North America and estimate the interface friction that was prevalent for the different surface conditions.     

多角辐散地极技术在高电阻率地区的应用

在高电阻率地区,建造符合要求且经济实用的地网一直是防雷工程施工的难点。因为组成地网的接地极的形状关系到材料利用效率和施工难易程度。提出了"多角辐散地极"的概念,设计制作了多角辐散地极,并选择了3个不同的地域环境,对这一设计技术进行了试验。通过与普通地网的比较,证明了在高阻率地区多角辐散地极组成的地网优于普通地网。通过对不同安装距离,不同降阻剂投放量的比较,确定了多角辐散地极的最佳安装方法,并根据试验测量的数据计算出并联系数,得出工程量的估算方法。