饱和砂土局部变形带模拟的有限元数值实现

基于有限变形理论,推导了Newton-Raphson 迭代算法在k+1步增量表达的矩阵形式,实现了饱和砂土变形局部化的有限元数值计算,得到了饱和砂土发生局部化变形的准则。基于Galerkin 方法,得到了位移场和应力场的空间离散化矩阵方程;由土体局部变形带的连续性条件,引入第1切线算子,推导出了砂土等颗粒状媒介发生局部化变形的必要条件。基于此核心算法,编制了有限元计算程序,模拟了饱和砂土在不排水条件下平面压缩过程中剪切带的形成与发展;通过比较分析,研究了有限元网格粗细对于土体局部变形带的影响,结果表明,网格粗细的病态依赖只是微小的,它只与变形条带的宽度有关,对于土体所表现出来的其他力学特性没有影响。     

An elasto-visco-plastic model using the finite element method for crustal and lithospheric deformation

A novel numerical model based on solid deformation is presented in this paper. This thermo-mechanical model can simulate the tectonic evolution of crust and (lithospheric and asthenospheric) mantle under different conditions. Our implementation uses the finite element method (FEM) in order to solve the equations. As a Lagrangian approach is employed, remeshing techniques are implemented to avoid distortion problems when a certain deformation threshold is reached. The translation of the state between the old and new mesh is achieved by means of the information stored on Lagrangian particles, which minimizes the diffusion. The model is able to represent elastic, viscous and plastic behaviour inside the studied domain. Three types of creep mechanism (diffusion, dislocation and Peierls) are included. Two different quadrilateral isoparametric elements were implemented and can be employed to perform the calculations. The first one is an element with 4 nodes, selective reduced integration and a stabilization operator to diminish hourglass modes, which reduces the computational time needed. The second one has 8 nodes located in standard positions, uses full integration scheme and has no hourglass modes as it satisfies the Inf-Sup condition. Several test cases with known solutions were run to validate the different aspects of the implementation.     

可控源电磁场三维自适应矢量有限元正演模拟

本文实现了可控源电磁(CSEM)场三维自适应矢量有限元正演算法,该算法采用非结构四面体单元进行三维网格剖分,能够真实模拟地形起伏和复杂电性异常体.采用一次场和二次场分离的方式计算电磁场响应,能够有效解决有限元模拟中的源点奇异性,提高场源附近电磁场数值精度,其中一次场利用CSEM一维正演算法解析求得,二次场采用矢量有限元方法求得.并利用基于后验误差估计的自适应网格细化算法指导网格细化,以减少人为设计网格导致的误差.通过一维和三维模型的数值模拟,验证了本文算法的有效性:一维模型有限元解与解析解吻合得很好,电磁场振幅相对误差在1%左右,相位差整体小于1°;三维模型有限元解与有限体积解吻合得也很好.模拟了一个含三维倾斜板状异常体的可控源电磁响应,表明了本文算法模拟复杂地电结构电磁场的能力和有效性.     

层状岩质边坡稳定性影响因素及精度问题研究

层状岩质边坡的稳定性受坡高、坡角和结构面强度等多因素的影响,不同因素其影响程度不同。基于正交试验原理,对层状岩质边坡稳定性主要影响因素进行敏感性分析,得出影响因素排序为:边坡高度H坡角β结构面黏聚力C结构面内摩擦角φ岩体容重γ岩层倾角α滑块厚度h岩体黏聚力C′。对边坡有限元的精度问题进行探讨时,以典型单折线滑面的岩质边坡数值计算为例,分析计算模型的单元网格尺寸和边界条件对边坡稳定安全系数的影响规律,根据计算结果提出了数值模拟建议,用以提高已知滑动面岩质边坡数值计算的精度。结果表明:一般滑动面应用20~30个内界面单元或网格尺寸大致选用2~3m即可满足精度要求,在潜在滑动面以下至少有三~四层单元的过渡,使其过渡到固定支座边界。初步预测,为了防止波在界面反射,在边坡动力稳定分析中,因单元加密,单元尺寸应控制在λ/10~12(λ为波长),加大模型范围。     

Reverse‐time migration from rugged topography using irregular,unstructured mesh

We developed a reverse‐time migration scheme that can image regions with rugged topography without requiring any approximations by adopting an irregular, unstructured‐grid modelling scheme. This grid, which can accurately describe surface topography and interfaces between high‐velocity‐contrast regions, is generated by Delaunay triangulation combined with the centroidal Voronoi tessellation method. The grid sizes vary according to the migration velocities, resulting in significant reduction of the number of discretized nodes compared with the number of nodes in the conventional regular‐grid scheme, particularly in the case wherein high near‐surface velocities exist. Moreover, the time sampling rate can be reduced substantially. The grid method, together with the irregular perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition, enables the proposed scheme to image regions of interest using curved artificial boundaries with fewer discretized nodes. We tested the proposed scheme using the 2D SEG Foothill synthetic dataset.     

Shaking table tests on dome‐roof adobe houses

This paper presents the results of an experimental work in order to evaluate the performance of a novel proposed retrofitting technique on a typical dome‐roof adobe building by shaking table tests. For this purpose, two specimens, scaled 2:3, were subjected to a total of nine shaking table tests. The unretrofitted specimen, constructed by common practice, is designed to evaluate seismic performance and vulnerability of dome‐roof adobe houses. The retrofitted specimen, exactly duplicating the first specimen, is retrofitted based on the results obtained from unretrofitted specimen tests, and the improvement in seismic behavior of the structure is investigated. Zarand earthquake (2005) Chatrood Station is selected as the input ground motion that was applied consecutively at 25, 100, 125, 150 and 175% of the design‐level excitation. At 125% excitation level, the roof of the unretofitted specimen collapsed due to the walls' out‐of‐plane action and imbalanced forces. The retrofitting elements consist of eight horizontal steel rods drilled into the walls, passed through the specimen and bolted on the opposite wall surfaces. To improve walls in‐plane seismic performance, welded steel mesh without using mortar, covered less than half area of walls on the external face of the walls, is used. In addition to strain gauges for recording steel rod responses, several instrumentations including acceleration and displacement transducers are implemented to capture response time histories of different parts of the specimens. The corresponding full‐scaled retrofitted prototype tolerated peak acceleration of 0.62 g almost without any serious damage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于非结构双网格的2D RMT双参数同步反演研究

Radio-magnetotelluric(RMT)是以无线电发射机为信号源的一种地球物理勘探方法,近年来被广泛应用于数米至数十米内的近地表工程和环境地球物理勘探.目前,各类电磁资料的反演均是以寻求满足目标拟合差的地下介质电阻率分布为目的.然而,对于勘探频率为10~300kHz的RMT数据,由介电常数所引起的波动场在总场中的比例可达20%以上,在这种情况下,忽略介电常数,仅通过电阻率参数的反演来进行数据拟合势必降低反演资料解释的准确性.为解决这一问题,本文研究了基于电阻率-介电常数的双参数同步反演算法.构建了一个全新的双参数目标函数,并推导了双参数反演迭代方程组;通过灵敏度分析,研究了电阻率和介电常数对正演响应的影响,并据此提出相对电导率的概念,统一了反演参数的灵敏度;通过理论模型分析了参考频率、双参数正则化因子对反演结果的影响,并给出了一般性的参数优选方案.此外,为了能够灵活处理复杂地形,本文采用非结构的正反演双网格进行模型离散,并通过局部加密技术保证反演的速度和精度.最后,对一带地形的理论模型分别进行了单参数和双参数反演,结果表明单参数反演无法正确反映出地电信息,而双参数反演能够准确得到异常的分布,验证了本文所开发的双参数反演程序的有效性.     

A body-force model for waterjet pump simulation

The role of waterjet pump is to generate thrust by increasing the flow head. Details of the flow inside waterjet pump are important when pump performance is of the main interest. However, in waterjet self-propulsion, pump induced effects are of the main interest rather than the details of the flow inside the pump. This permits simplification of pump models when using numerical methods for simulating the flow. In order to find a robust and yet accurate pump model suitable for Computational Fluid Dynamics based methods, models of different sophistication level are studied in this paper. First, a Sliding Mesh approach, which is capable of capturing the flow details, is validated against a set of cavitation tunnel measurements. Then a series of simpler models, i.e. Moving Reference Frame technique and three different body-force models, are studied and their results are compared to the ones obtained from the Sliding Mesh approach. The results indicate that one of the body-force models which takes the guide vanes as well as the impeller induced flow swirl into account has the best compromise between the robustness and accuracy among the investigated pump models.     

一种倾斜摄影模型精细融合方法

现有三维模型融合方法多采用对原有三角面片顶点重新构网的方式,容易导致原有模型几何特征丢失及纹理失真等。本文针对倾斜摄影模型自身特点,提出了一种模型精细融合方法。首先,以一个模型作为中心模型,并以另一模型与中心模型外轮廓的空间关系计算融合区域;然后,以中心模型外轮廓作为约束,对原始模型三角面片进行精细剖分;最后,基于精细剖分的三角面片进行纹理坐标的插值计算。以实际倾斜摄影数据进行试验的结果表明,本文方法融合后的网格模型拓扑结构正确,融合边界不存在漏洞、裂缝和错位等情况,而且纹理过渡自然,颜色无明显差异。