Role of monsoon rain on concentrations and dispersion patterns of metal pollutants in sediments and soils of the Ganga Plain, India

 Monsoon rain causes large scale sediment-water movement and reworking of sediments of the Ganga Plain which is one of the largest fluvial systems on Earth. Geomorphology and drainage type combined with sedimentation processes play a substantial role on dispersion and transport patterns of metals bound to sediments and soils. The study area of Kanpur-Unnao industrial region in the Ganga Plain has been divided into five independent geochemical domains on the basis of sediment-geomorphic, hydrological and geochemical characters. The monsoon hydrography and physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity) of the river and urban drain waters play a prominent role in regulating the concentrations and behaviour of the metals in the aquatic system of the Ganga Plain. Values of pH and specific electrical conductivity of the river water of the study area decrease whereas those of the urban drain water increase in post-monsoon period. The monsoon rain reduces the contents of Co, C-org, Cr, Fe and Ni and enhances the contents of Cd, Sn and Zn in sediments of post-monsoon period. In soils, it reduces the contents of Al, Co, Fe, Mn and Ni and enhances the contents of Cd, Sn and Zn in the post-monsoon period. These changes in concentrations vary from metal to metal and from one geochemical domain to the other. An increase in the concentrations of few metals in the soils from pre- to post-monsoon periods indicates that these metals were mobilized from the overflooding of metal rich waste-water onto the fields during high water stage and also by reworking of the soils through sheet floods during the monsoon time. Despite the changes in concentrations, metal dispersion patterns in each domain remain similar both in pre- and post-monsoon periods which indicate that the geochemical and sediment-geomorphic processes operating for the metal dispersion and mobilization in sediments are persistent even after large scale sediment-water movement and reworking of the sediments during the monsoon period. Received: 4 May 1998 · Accepted: 20 October 1998     

矿山水土污染与防治对策研究

矿山水土环境污染是采矿活动引发的主要环境地质问题之一。我国矿山数量众多,水土污染比较普遍,尤以金属矿山最为严重,矿山水土污染防治是今后开展国土空间生态保护修复的重要内容。基于全国矿山地质环境摸底调查成果资料,对矿业活动不同阶段的水土污染风险以及不同矿山的水土污染类型、特征和污染物迁移演化规律等进行了研究。分析指出:矿业活动过程包括勘探、建矿、开采、洗选、冶炼等多个阶段,而水土污染风险贯穿于矿业活动全过程,不同阶段的污染风险不同;矿产资源开发造成的水土污染物类型、特征因开采的矿产类型不同而不同,呈现出特征污染物与矿体母岩的高度相关性;矿山及其周边污染物的迁移作用受污染物自身的物理化学性质和外界环境条件的影响,在矿山长期持续开采条件下矿山水土污染物存在累积效应,而矿产资源集中开采区的污染物扩散表现出叠加效应。通过对某典型水土环境污染案例的分析研究,初步证实了上述推断。根据我国矿山水土环境污染多发性和复杂性的特点,建议今后开展矿山水土污染防治工作应区分不同类型矿山、不同地质环境条件、不同污染物特征、不同污染程度,采取分类施策、系统修复、标本兼治的对策,以实现矿山环境明显改善。     

Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment

Thermoplastic resin pellets are melted and formed into an enormous number of inexpensive consumer goods, many of which are discarded after a relatively short period of use, dropped haphazardly onto watersheds and then make their way to the ocean where some get ingested by marine life. In 2003 and 2004 pre-production thermoplastic resin pellets and post-consumer plastic fragments were collected and analyzed for contamination for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Samples were taken from the North Pacific Gyre, and selected sites in California, Hawaii, and from Guadalupe Island, Mexico. The total concentration of PCBs ranged from 27 to 980 ng/g; DDTs from 22 to 7100 ng/g and PAHs from 39 to 1200 ng/g, and aliphatic hydrocarbons from 1.1 to 8600 microg/g. Analytical methods were developed to extract, concentrate and identify POPs that may have accumulated on plastic fragments and plastic pellets. The results of this study confirm that plastic debris is a trap for POPs.     

天津武清能见度特征分析

利用2006年8～9月的野外观测资料,分析了天津武清区晴天能见度的变化特征,并分析了能见度与细粒子（PM2．5）、大气污染物和大气相对湿度（RH）的相关性。结果表明：观测期内大气平均能见度为6．3km,低于4km的时间段占50％;日变化表现为日出前（北京时间5时）能见度最低,约为2．6km,下午15时最高,约为11．1km;不同大气相对湿度下能见度与大气中细颗粒物浓度相关性不同;污染气体浓度与能见度呈反相关关系,φ（SO2）、φ（NO2）、φ（NO）、φ（NH3）和φ（CO）越高,能见度越低。     

应用Models-3/CMAQ模式对华北地区一次强沙尘天气的研究初探

根据2002年在ACE-Asia和TRACE-P试验中获得的亚洲区域污染源排放资料,结合由MICAPS能见度观测资料估算而得的颗粒物排放资料,利用美国EPA最新发展的Models-3/CMAQ模式系统,模拟研究了2002年3月华北地区发生的一次强沙尘暴个例.结果表明,(1)模拟的各气态污染物的时空演变及相互关系与已有的观测结果基本一致.(2)颗粒污染物的模拟结果也反映了已有的观测事实,粗细颗粒物呈一致的先降后升日变化趋势;沙尘过程前期,颗粒物污染主要来源于近地面污染源;沙尘期间,颗粒物污染主要源自外界沙尘的高空输送,且粗颗粒物污染是此次过程的首要颗粒污染.(3)该模式系统可用于沙尘气溶胶研究的进一步开发与利用.     

Assessment of the anthropogenic influx of metallic pollutants in Yarmouk River, Jordan

 Chemical data for 15 elements at depths at 10-cm intervals in 6 cores at two locations along the Yarmouk River as well as the heavy-metal enrichment factors (EFs) and anthropogenic factors (AFs) show that Cd and Ni for all the cores, and Mn, Zn, Cr, Co and Pb for core 3 at location A are anthropogenically enriched. The contents of these elements decrease clearly with depth in the sediment column. The sequence of element enrichment depends on whether the EF and the AF are used to calculate the elements which show no systematic decrease in enrichment with depth in all cores, especially for location A, probably due mainly to a higher sedimentation rate. The results of the present study show that the sediments of the Yarmouk River are uncontaminated with Fe, Cr, and Mn, whereas they are uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Ni, Co, and Zn, moderately contaminated with Pb, and strongly to extremely contaminated with respect to Cd. Also, the study shows that the EF and AF values are higher than 1, which indicates that all the metals measured in the sediments of the Yarmouk River were enriched by various anthropogenic sources in the catchment area of this river. Heavy metal enrichment reflects the combined effects of agricultural activities, a treatment plant, a landfill site at El-Akader, and small industries in the region. Received: 16 March 2000 · Accepted: 12 August 2000     

基于空气质量模拟的江苏省大气污染物排放清单比较研究

大气污染物排放清单是空气质量模拟和空气污染治理的重要依据.本研究比较分析了两套覆盖江苏省的2017年大气污染物排放清单，即分别由上海市环境科学研究院、江苏省环境科学研究院编制的"长三角清单"和"江苏省清单"，并结合区域空气质量模型CMAQ评估不同清单对长三角地区2017年1、4、7、10月的空气质量模拟的影响.清单比较结果表明，除二氧化硫（SO₂）以外，江苏省清单估算的各污染物排放量较长三角清单低.通过与观测数据比较，发现两套清单对SO₂、氮氧化物（NO_x）、臭氧（O₃）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的模型模拟性能均较好.江苏省清单与长三角清单两者的模拟结果空间分布接近，其中江苏省清单模拟的PM_2.5和O₃在长三角多数地区略低于长三角清单的模拟结果（1月O₃除外）.江苏省清单与长三角清单均能够用于空气质量模式模拟，可为江苏地区的细颗粒物和光化学烟雾污染的控制策略制定提供参考.     

The Vertical Transport of Air Pollutants by Convective Clouds. Part I: A Non-Reactive Cloud Transport Model

A convective cloud transport model, without chemical processes, is developed by joining a set of concentration conservative equations into a two-dimensional, slab-symmetric and fully elastic numerical cloud model, and a numerical experiment is completed to simulate the vertical transport of ground-borne, inert gaseous pollutant by deepthunderstorm. The simulation shows that deep convective storm can very effectively transport high concentrated pollutant gas from PBL upward to the upper troposphere in 30 to 40 minutes, where the pollutant spreads laterally outward with strong anvil outflow, forming an extensive high concentration area. Meanwhile, relatively low concentration areas are formed in PBL both below and beside the cloud, mainly caused by dynamic pumping effect and sub-cloud downdraft flow. About 80% of the pollutant gas transported to the upper troposphere is from the layer below 1.5 km AGL (above ground level).     

The vertical transport of air pollutants by convective clouds Part II: Transport of soluble gases and sensitivity tests

A two-dimensional, non-reactive convective cloud transport model is used to simulate in detail the vertical transport and wet scavenging of soluble pollutant gases by a deep thunderstorm system, Simulations show that for gases with not very high solubility, a deep and intense thunderstorm can still rapidly and efficiently transport them from boundary layer (PBL) up to mid and upper troposphere, resulting in a local significant increase of concentration in the upper layer and a reduction in PBL. Dissolution effects decrease both the incloud gas concentration and the upward net fluxes. The higher the solubility is, the more remarkable the decrease is. However, for very low soluble gases (H < 102 M atm-1), the influences are very slight. In addition, the effects of irreversible dissolution and aqueous reactions in drops on the vertical transport of gaseous pollutants are estimated in extreme.     

菌根真菌对土壤中有机污染物的修复研究

菌根真菌是真菌与植物之间特殊的联合共生体，利用菌根真菌修复土壤，尤其是修复有机污染物污染的土壤，正成为一个崭新的研究方向。菌根真菌是土壤真菌的一种，但与土壤中放线菌和细菌等微生物相比，其对土壤中有机污染物具有更大的忍耐能力，并且能利用土壤中大多数持久性有机污染物作为碳源来获取能量。综述了近20年菌根真菌对土壤有机污染物降解研究，讨论了菌根真菌降解土壤有机污染物的可能机制，并探讨了从引入固氮菌、外源细菌两个方面对菌根调控以提高修复效果的可能性，为进一步研究菌根真菌生物降解土壤中持久性有机污染物、利用菌根植物修复有机污染土壤提供信息。