特朗普政府以来的美国中东欧政策：调整、目标与展望

自“17+1合作”机制创设以来,中东欧在中欧合作中扮演的角色越来越重要。中国作为一个中东欧地区的“晚到者”,不得不面临长期以来“美、欧、俄”三方地缘博弈的影响。尤其是特朗普上任以来,一方面继承了奥巴马政府末期的中东欧政策,另一方面在能源、地缘和军事方面强化了美国的政策部署。在能源方面,美国进一步强化了将能源外交作为权力资源,平衡美欧俄关系的外交杠杆的作用。在地缘方面,波兰作为该地区的政策支轴国更加受到美国倚重。在军事方面,特朗普政府增强了在中东欧地区的军事存在和军费开支,推进驻欧美军基地的战略东移。通过对美国官方文本的文献考察发现,特朗普政府加强以上三个方面的政策部署,旨在实现以下三个政策目标：制衡俄罗斯、对欧盟分而治之和排挤中国。展望拜登政府,安全与能源仍是美国中东欧政策的首要关切。     

Mapping urban Māori: A population‐based study of Māori heterogeneity

Urban Māori is a term that describes indigenous people in Aotearoa New Zealand living in urban environments. It includes Māori who hold traditional authority over land (mana whenua) and Māori who have moved away from their traditional homes (mātāwaka). This article describes the heterogeneity of the urban Māori population through the spatial analysis of iwi (tribal) census data for four urban centres. The results show complex variation in the distribution of mana whenua and mātāwaka populations and help to inform a discussion about the rights and interests of all urban Māori in the development and planning of cities, and subsequent policy responses.     

Predicting air temperature simultaneously for multiple locations in an urban environment: A bottom up approach

Cities are characterized by high heterogeneity that results in varied microclimate effects. The current study introduces a new bottom–up approach linking the urban Canyon Air Temperature (CAT) model with spatially distributed inputs extracted from a GIS data-base and remote sensing products to predict intra-urban temperature variability simultaneously for multiple locations in an urban environment. To provide proof of concept, the model was applied for the city of Bat-Yam, Israel. Simulation shows a maximum nighttime urban heat island (UHI) intensity of 2–2.25 °C, relative to a rural reference point, during both summer and winter, with significant spatial variability related to the height-to-width ratio of urban street canyons and to the surface land cover. The CAT simulation also highlighted the important influence of the local wind regime on the development and persistence of the nocturnal UHI. We conclude that linking CAT to a GIS data-base supports simulations at the city scale that reflect the local intra-urban variability. The model can be used to investigate both macro and micro scale spatio-temporal characteristics of the UHI in various urban development scenarios, which may be applied to generate appropriate geographically-explicit mitigation and adaptation measures.     

Assessing environmental inequalities in the city of Santiago (Chile) with a hierarchical multiscale approach

Environmental inequalities are a common characteristic of urban areas. Environmental inequality is the unequal spatial distribution of environmental risks and goods among social groups. As environmental inequalities are inherently a spatial matter the choice of scale is essential for correctly understanding inequality issues and for designing proper and effective mitigation policies. However, the potential effects of scale of analysis on inequalities results have largely been underestimated in the assessment of environmental inequalities, leading to contradictory results from different studies. In this study we assess the patterns of environmental inequalities and associated scale issues in the city of Santiago (Chile) using a hierarchical multiscale approach. Our approach focuses on the analysis of spatial relationships between three environmental (i.e., surface temperature, air pollution, vegetation cover) and two socio-demographic variables (i.e., household wealth, population density) on multiple grain sizes and extents. We used census data, remote sensing data, and air pollution monitoring stations to generate raster layers at five grain sizes and five nested extents. We tested for inequalities through Pearson correlation analysis resulting in a total of 1530 assessed relationships. Our results show that environmental inequalities are a prevalent phenomenon in the city of Santiago, but the details of these inequalities are highly scale dependent. Changing the grain size and extent of analysis do not only affect the strength of relationships between socio-demographic and environmental variables, but also the spatial distribution of environmental inequalities across the urban landscape. Therefore, due to the scale-dependence of assessment results, researchers and decision-makers should be extremely careful when interpreting their findings and translating them into policy making. If the scale dependency of environmental inequalities is not taken into account, policy interventions may be largely ineffective because the scale at which interventions are designed may not match the scale at which inequalities are generated.     

Low-wage jobs-housing fit: identifying locations of affordable housing shortages

Finding the right jobs-housing balance has long been an important concern for urban planners. More recently, attention has turned to jobs-housing fit – the extent to which housing price is well matched to local job quality. Prior analyses have been constrained by a lack of local data on job quality, making it difficult to identify the geography and scale of the problem. We introduce a new methodology for calculating the low-wage jobs-housing fit at both a jurisdiction and neighborhood scale that was designed in collaboration with affordable housing advocates and has been directly applied in urban planning and affordable housing policy efforts. Low-wage fit is particularly important because of ongoing difficulties with affordable housing provision and the disproportionate benefits of reducing transportation costs for low-income earners. We use the calculated metric at both a city and neighborhood scale to identify what can be learned from a low-wage jobs-housing fit metric that is not evident in traditional measures of jobs-housing balance. In contrast to jobs-housing balance, the low-wage fit analysis clearly highlights those jurisdictions and neighborhoods where there is a substantial shortage of affordable housing in relation to the number of low-wage jobs. Because of the geographic coverage of the data sources used, the results can be widely applied across the United States by affordable housing advocates, land-use planners, and policy makers.     

公路交通可达性视角下山东省区域空间重构

《山东半岛蓝色经济区发展规划》、《济南都市圈发展规划》、《黄河三角洲高效生态经济区发展规划》和《鲁南经济带发展规划》是涉及山东省域范围的四个重要区域规划。四个规划所覆盖的区域范围重叠现象严重,这将导致重叠区域发展方向不明,进而会影响到区域的整体发展。明确区域规划合理范围,统筹协调区域发展成为山东省区域发展亟须解决的问题之一。本文以公路交通可达性和城市综合实力为切入点,计算出了山东省17个地级市的经济腹地,并遵循一定的原则对山东省区域发展进行空间重构,提出了"两核、四区、五轴"的区域空间发展结构。     

基于政府大数据的北京城市空间发展模式分析

城市的发展都有各自的特征。这些特征通常是受城市发展过程中政府决策及规划政策的影响而形成。作为我国首都,同时也是人口最稠密的城市,北京市的城市建设用地在过去20年快速城镇化进程中持续扩张。笔者认为,北京市城市扩张期间,城市建设用地开发模式有特定的规律和空间特征。本文中,笔者采用非负矩阵分解(NMF)的方法,对北京市建设用地规划许可发放数据进行挖掘,以此识别城市空间发展模式。笔者发现这个阶段包含了两种主要发展模式,同时也结合诸多辅助信息对这两种模式进行了深入的分析和解释。本文中使用的城市空间发展模式识别方法可以推广到其他区域的城市研究中,对城市设计及政府决策工作起到较大作用。     

Flood hazard map of La Trinidad (NW Nicaragua). Method and results

During the Mitch Hurricane event (October 1998), severe floods occurred in the village of La Trinidad (Departamento de Estelí, NW Nicaragua), which spreads at the margin of La Trinidad river. As a consequence, the need for hazard assessment and land use planning to reduce the effects of these natural processes arose. Nicaragua is a developing country, which means that there is a scarcity of good quality data on which to base these hazard assessments (i.e., lack of detailed topographic maps, lack of meteorological and discharge data series). Therefore, the main objective of the present work was to generate a flood hazard map of La Trinidad by means of a simple method, with a resulting map easy to understand and to use by the municipality for land use planning. There is no topographic map of the area at a more detailed scale than 1:50,000. So the main document that supports all the data and on which the final hazard map was based is the orthophotograph at 1:5,000 scale (generated from vertical aerial photographs taken in 2000). The method used was based on classical interpretation of vertical aerial photographs (pre Mitch and a post Mitch event), detailed field work, inquiries among the population and analysis of the main pattern of storms occurring in the area. All these data allowed the reconstruction of different extensions and water levels corresponding to events of different frequency and magnitude, and the qualitative association of them to three hazard levels by means of energy and frequency. The use of orthophotographs of 1:5,000 proved to be very useful both for the development of the work and for the presentation of the final map, because they are very easily understandable for people not trained in the interpretation of topographic maps.     

GPS RTK技术及其在“数字城管”中的应用

概述了RTK技术作业模式的基本原理,分析了RTK技术的误差来源及解决对策,讨论了RTK技术在数字城管控制测量及部件测量中的应用。     

贵州省矿产资源总体规划（第二轮）的环境影响评价

本文结合贵州矿业开发对环境的影响程度、地质灾害危险性大小及矿山环境治理的难易程度,划分了矿山环境影响严重区、矿山环境影响较严重区及矿山环境影响一般区;对《贵州省矿产资源总体规划》(2006-2010)进行规划合理性及协调性分析、规划实施的环境影响预测评价,提出了减缓环境影响的措施,得出《规划》是可行的结论。