服务于规划编制的城乡规划空间数据建设探讨——以沈阳市规划设计研究院为例

从城乡规划空间数据目前存在的问题入手,着眼于未来规划业务对空间数据的需求,对城乡规划空间数据分类体系、数据建设标准和数据库建设的组织等进行了深入研究,试图建立一个标准统一、数据共享、技术含量高、服务于规划编制的城乡规划空间数据库,作为构建完善、优质、高效的数据管理模式与共享服务体系的基础性工作。     

Measuring the relationships between landscape aesthetics suitability and spatial patterns of urbanized lands: an informed modelling framework for developing urban growth scenarios

This study develops an informed modelling approach that follows a bottom-up planning strategy to define plausible urban growth scenarios. In this case, landscape aesthetics suitability of the area was first generated using multi-criteria evaluation method. Then, a buffer zone of 1 km was considered to extract the average values of aesthetics suitability scores surrounding urban patches with medium physical size (10–30 hectares). The averaged values were considered as the dependent variable. In the next step, landscape metrics of these urban patches, as explanatory variables, were also computed to measure compositional and configuration-based attributes of urban clusters. Bivariate associations (Pearson correlation analysis) and statistical relationships (linear regression algorithm) between landscape metrics and their associated aesthetics values were measured and modelled. According to the results, both composition and configuration values are significantly correlated to the dependent variable in which configuration-based attributes depicted a stronger explanatory power.     

土地利用对街头抢劫影响的空间分异模式：以H市为例

选取H市中心城区2009年和2010年发生的街头抢劫案件为研究对象,构建地理加权泊松回归GWPR模型,探讨不同性质土地利用对案件影响的空间差异性。研究表明,各类用地与街头抢劫的关系存在显著的空间异质性。其中,位于中心区外围的传统居住区和部分新建社区等居住用地对街头抢劫存在显著的负向影响;商业服务业设施用地对街头抢劫的影响总体上显著性不强,但与其中的商业设施点类型密切相关,独栋高层的商业综合体会使犯罪数量下降,而临街商铺形式的商业设施点则是犯罪高发区域;工业用地仅对老城区的街头抢劫产生正向影响;公园绿地总体上与街头抢劫案件呈负相关性,但城市开敞绿地多的地方案件数量也较多;交通设施用地与街头抢劫的关系则受到交通设施、道路等级、路网形态的影响。最后通过聚类分析发现,土地利用对案件影响的主导因素的空间分异模式与不同的城市功能分区有一定的对应关系,可以对每个功能分区根据其街头抢劫发生的主导因素制定相应的土地利用规划导则。     

改革开放以来中国区域规划实践与理论回顾与展望

改革开放以来,随着工业化、市场化、经济全球化的不断深入,我国区域规划实践与理论不断发展。系统总结并提出了发展的3个时期:1 1978年至1990年代初实践起步与理论引入期,是注重效率的区域不均衡发展阶段,国土规划和城镇体系规划得到共同发展,区域规划理论开始引入、发展及应用;2 1990年代初至21世纪初实践增长与理论探索期,是注重效率兼顾公平的缩小区域差距发展阶段,区域规划工作受到重视并积极开展,区域理论研究进一步探索和发展;3 21世纪初以来实践深化与理论转向期,是注重公平的区域协调发展阶段,区域规划频繁出台并快速发展,区域规划理论多元化发展。在分析中国区域发展的新环境的基础上,提出了区域规划在实践总结与理论创新、体系构建、实施机制创新、新问题跟踪等需要进一步研究的方向。     

Making Decisions About Forestland Succession: Perspectives from Pennsylvania's Private Forest Landowners

Decision-making processes that private forest landowners (PFLs) engage when planning for their forestland’s future are not well understood. The forest ecosystem and the people who depend on its services face several critical challenges, including how to sustainably manage an increasingly parcelized forest. The Theory of Planned Behavior has been used to illuminate connections among constructs informing PFL behavior, but fails to adequately capture the complexities of forest owners’ lived experiences and how those inform behaviors. In-depth interviews provide a deeper understanding of how Pennsylvania PFLs make decisions concerning ownership succession. We approached those who recently subdivided, sold/donated conservation easements, or had not committed to any plan and asked them to tell us about their planning experiences. Relationships among family members and the quality of their communication about the land and succession emerged as important factors in the planning process. Implications for theory, forest planning, education and outreach, and further study are advanced.     

Modeling large-scale winter recreation terrain selection with implications for recreation management and wildlife

Winter recreation is a rapidly growing activity, and advances in technology make it possible for increasing numbers of people to access remote backcountry terrain. Increased winter recreation may lead to more frequent conflict between recreationists, as well as greater potential disturbance to wildlife. To better understand the environmental characteristics favored by winter recreationists, and thus predict areas of potential conflict or disturbance, we modeled terrain selection of motorized and non-motorized recreationists, including snowmobile, backcountry ski, and snowmobile-assisted hybrid ski. We used sports recorder Global Positioning System (GPS) devices carried by recreationists at two study areas in Colorado, USA, (Vail Pass and the San Juan Mountains), to record detailed tracks of each recreation type. For each recreation activity, we modeled selection of remotely-sensed environmental characteristics, including topography, vegetation, climate, and road access. We then created spatial maps depicting areas that recreation activities were predicted to select and combined these maps to show areas of potential ecological disturbance or interpersonal conflict between motorized and non-motorized activities. Model results indicate that motorized and non-motorized activities select different environmental characteristics, while still exhibiting some similarities, such as selection for ease of access, reflected in proximity to highways and densities of open forest roads. Areas predicted to have only motorized recreation were more likely to occur further from highways, with greater forest road densities, lower canopy cover, and smoother, less steep terrain, while areas with only non-motorized recreation were closer to highways, with lower forest road densities, more canopy cover and steeper terrain. Our work provides spatially detailed insights into terrain characteristics favored by recreationists, allowing managers to maintain winter recreation opportunities while reducing interpersonal conflict or ecological impacts to sensitive wildlife.     

Rationalizing tax increment financing in Chicago

A central problem in planning is how planners can be both technical experts and political actors sensitive to the moral consequences of planning. Rationality refers to the reasons for choosing a means to achieve an end; a rationality that considers the morality of means and ends is value rationality, and one that does not is instrumental rationality. Through the case of using Tax Increment Financing (TIF) to subsidize corporate headquarters relocation in Chicago, I follow City follows planners’ struggle with TIF policy and their engagement with instrumental and value rationality within a state that exercised an entrepreneurial planning strategy. This position meant that planners were constrained from acting value-rationally to consider and then take action on questions about the moral content of TIF projects. Nonetheless, planning staff developed an instrumentally-rational planning and policy exercise, which they performed as a way to channel their value-rational concerns about the assumption that every economic development project is an unambiguously valuable goal.     

Exploring the future of rural–urban connections in sub-Saharan Africa: modelling urban expansion and its impact on food production in the Addis Ababa region

Abstract

The built-up area of Addis Ababa and its surrounding towns is expanding into the peri-urban region leading to high losses of farmland, directly influencing the food production for the urban population. This paper investigates the patterns of settlement growth in the region surrounding Addis Ababa and their impact on peri-urban agriculture using an urban spatial scenario design model. The effects of two population density scenarios are explored within the framework of a proposed master plan. The model output was used to estimate areas of different suitability levels that would be lost to the modelled settlement expansion. The settlement area in 2038 would represent 29% of the case study’s total area in the low-density scenario but only 19% in the high-density scenario. Compared to the low-density scenario, the high-density scenario would only require a third of the agricultural land transformed into settlement areas. Settlement development would contribute to higher losses of land suitable for cultivating important export products, high nutritional value and import-substituting products. The scenario approach can support sustainable regional planning for settlement expansion that conserves valuable farmland in the peri-urban area and contributes to building capacity for strategic planning of the city regions of sub-Saharan Africa.     

Promises and actions: are universities the problem in building partnerships?

Urban planners have to develop a planning doctrine (Faludi and Van der Valk 1990). This concept stands for a body of thoughts concerning (a) spatial arrangements within an area, (b) the development of that area; and (c) the way both should be handled. To be successful, they need a planning community (planners, top officials and sub-national establishments for political support) that nurtures it. The planners of the Amsterdam General Extension Plan (1935) developed a doctrine that covers three levels of functions and activities: (1) Amsterdam is a regional centre, a closed functional system, an orthogenetic city. (2) a monocentric urban form and (3) homogeneous neighbourhood communities around a common neighbourhood centre (church, school, medical services, shops). Since the early 1970s Amsterdam has become (1) an international centre, a heterogenetic city, part of a network city system, (2) has developed into a polycentric urban region, and (3) has been acquiring ethnically mixed quarters, divided communities losing their basic function as common neighbourhood centres and even as control areas or domains (Hägerstrand 1970). So in Amsterdam the planning-doctrine was not particularly successful.     

1990-2018年土地利用/覆盖变化研究的特征和进展

土地利用/覆盖变化（LUCC）是地表综合集成研究的一个学科基础和前沿领域。本文利用定性与定量相结合的方法对1990—2018年的LUCC研究进展进行了系统综述。在回顾LUCC研究历程的基础上,结合文献分析,详细总结了不同LUCC研究阶段的基本特征和主要进展。进而阐述了当前LUCC研究面临的主要挑战,提出了未来LUCC研究的主要发展方向。1990年以来LUCC研究关注度不断提升,相关英文论文发文量和引文量呈指数增长趋势。LUCC研究正从1990—2004年间的过程研究阶段和2005—2013年间的影响研究阶段迈向2014年以后的可持续性研究阶段。当前LUCC研究正面临着如何借鉴可持续科学框架、整合新兴技术和支撑国土空间规划等挑战。未来LUCC研究需要与景观可持续科学和地理设计紧密结合,积极面向国土空间规划主战场,为建设美丽中国和落实联合国可持续发展目标服务。