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31.
Particulate content of savanna fire emissions 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Hélène Cachier Catherine Liousse Patrick Buat-Menard Annie Gaudichet 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1995,22(1-2):123-148
As part of the FOS-DECAFE experiment at Lamto (Ivory Coast) in January 1991, various aerosol samples were collected at ground level near prescribed fires or under local background conditions, to characterize the emissions of particulate matter from the burning of savanna vegetation. This paper deals with total aerosol (TPM) and carbon measurements. Detailed trace element and polycyclic hydrocarbon data are discussed in other papers presented in this issue.Near the fire plumes, the aerosols from biomass burning are primarily of a carbonaceous nature (C%70% of the aerosol mass) and consist predominantly of submicron particles (more than 90% in mass.) They are characterized by their organic nature (black to total carbon ratio Cb/Ct in the range 3–20%) and their high potassium content (K/Cb0.6). These aerosols undergo aging during their first minutes in the atmosphere causing slight alterations in their size distribution and chemical composition. However, they remain enriched in potassium (K/Cb=0.21) and pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, such that both of these species may be used as tracers of savanna burning aerosols. We show that during this period of the year, the background atmosphere experiences severe pollution from both terrigenous sources and regional biomass burning (44% of the aerosol). Daynight variations of the background carbon concentrations suggest that fire ignition and spreading occur primarily during the day. Simultaneous TPM and CO2 real-time measurements point to a temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the burning so that the ratio of the above background concentrations (TPM/CO2) varies from 2 to 400 g/kg C. Smoldering processes are intense sources of particles but particulate emissions may also be important during the rapidly spreading heading fires in connection with the generation of heavy brown smoke. We propose emission factor values (EF) for aerosols from the savanna biomass burning aerosols: EF (TPM)=11.4±4.6 and 69±25 g/kg Cdry plant and EF(Ct)=7.4±3.4 and 56±16 g C/kg Cdry plant for flaming and smoldering processes respectively. In these estimates, the range of uncertainty is mostly due to the intra-fire variability. These values are significantly lower than those reported in the literature for the combustion of other types of vegetation. But due to the large amounts of vegetation biomass being burnt in African savannas, the annual flux of particulate carbon into the atmosphere is estimated to be of the order of 8 Tg C, which rivals particulate carbon emissions from anthropogenic activities in temperate regions. 相似文献
32.
Daily zenith scattered light intensity observations were carried out in the morning twilight hours using home-made UV-visible
spectrometer over the tropical station Pune (18‡31′, 73‡51′) for the years 2000–2003. These observations are obtained in the
spectral range 462–498 nm for the solar zenith angles (SZAs) varying from 87‡ to 91.5‡. An algorithm has been developed to
retrieve vertical profiles of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from ground-based measurements using the Chahine iteration method. This retrieval method has been checked using measured
and recalculated slant column densities (SCDs) and they are found to be well matching. O3 and NO2 vertical profiles have been retrieved using a set of their air mass factors (AMFs) and SCDs measured over a range of 87–91.5‡
SZA during the morning. The vertical profiles obtained by this method are compared with Umkehr profiles and ozonesondes and
they are found to be in good agreement. The bulk of the column density is found near layer 20–25 km. Daily total column densities
(TCDs) of O3 and NO2 along with their stratospheric and tropospheric counterparts are derived using their vertical profiles for the period 2000–2003.
The total column, stratospheric column and tropospheric column amounts of both trace gases are found to be maximum in summer
and minimum in the winter season. Increasing trend is found in column density of NO2 in stratospheric, tropospheric and surface layers, but no trend is observed in O3 columns for above layers during the period 2000–2003 相似文献
33.
现阶段,地质灾害评估技术人员在评估实践中,往往不注重各评估对象的差异性,采取同一评估模式,结果达不到评估的目的。在对小型水电站进行评估时,野外调查的重点,评估过程中所使用的方法以及危险性现状、预测及综合分区评估等与大型水电站、路线工程、矿山开采、民用建筑等工程有所不同。湄尼多河小型水电站工程位于云南省怒江州福贡县马吉乡境内,地质环境条件复杂,评估级别综合为二级。文章以该电站建设用地地质灾害危险性评估为例,对小型水电站建设用地地质灾害危险性评估的方法与理论进行探讨。 相似文献
34.
河北省永久性GPS参考(网)站建立的研究与探讨 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
重点探讨了如何利用VRS技术在河北省区域内建立永久性参考站,如何进行数据的采集与管理,如何为GPS用户提供参考站数据等技术问题。 相似文献
35.
概述了深空测控网的基本技术要求,总结了我国卫星测控网和国内现有射电观测设施的技术、组成和分布,分析和论述了将我国现有的测控设施建设成深空测控网的具体方案。 相似文献
36.
基于全站仪的圆形建筑物倾斜观测的方法和精度 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
随着建筑物的不断增高、增大,其稳定性和可靠性成为人们关注的焦点.其中建筑物的倾斜度是衡量施工技术质量的重要指标之一.而传统的观测方法如经纬仪测小角法、经纬仪投点法,由于受仪器精度和观测条件的限制,观测精度较低.拓普康全站仪独具推出的圆柱偏心测量功能为快速、准确测定圆形建筑物的倾斜量开辟了一条新途径,本文阐述了基于全站仪的圆形建筑物倾斜观测的原理和方法,并对其精度进行分析. 相似文献
37.
通过对曲线测设和测点坐标计算过程的分析,把坐标计算的程序设计归结为有向直线与X轴顺时针夹角即方位角的计算和线路转向转角的计算,弥补了测点位置和计算公式分类复杂等不足,简化了程序设计和计算过程。 相似文献
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40.
51463迁站后与原站址的气候要素差异分析 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
窦新英 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2002,25(2):15-17
迁站造成气象要素的不连续性,对资料使用带来困难,利用迁站后的对比观测资料,分析气温、风、降水资源的差异发现,季平均气温、最高、最低气温老站址均高于新站址;季平均风速、降水量老站址小于新站性,同时提出了一些差异量,供资料使用者参考。 相似文献