Phase relations of iron and iron–nickel alloys up to 300 GPa: Implications for composition and structure of the Earth's inner core

We have investigated the phase relations of iron and iron–nickel alloys with 18 to 50 wt.% Ni up to over 300 GPa using a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. The synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements show the wide stability of hcp-iron up to 301 GPa and 2000 K and 319 GPa and 300 K without phase transition to dhcp, orthorhombic, or bcc phases. On the other hand, the incorporation of nickel has a remarkable effect on expanding the stability field of fcc phase. The geometry of the temperature–composition phase diagram of iron–nickel alloys suggests that the hcp–fcc–liquid triple point is located at 10 to 20 wt.% Ni at the pressure of the inner core boundary. The fcc phase could crystallize depending on the nickel and silicon contents in the Earth's core, both of which are fcc stabilizer.     

Kinematic transformations for planar multi‐directional pseudodynamic testing

The pseudodynamic (PSD) test method imposes command displacements to a test structure for a given time step. The measured restoring forces and displaced position achieved in the test structure are then used to integrate the equations of motion to determine the command displacements for the next time step. Multi‐directional displacements of the test structure can introduce error in the measured restoring forces and displaced position. The subsequently determined command displacements will not be correct unless the effects of the multi‐directional displacements are considered. This paper presents two approaches for correcting kinematic errors in planar multi‐directional PSD testing, where the test structure is loaded through a rigid loading block. The first approach, referred to as the incremental kinematic transformation method, employs linear displacement transformations within each time step. The second method, referred to as the total kinematic transformation method, is based on accurate nonlinear displacement transformations. Using three displacement sensors and the trigonometric law of cosines, this second method enables the simultaneous nonlinear equations that express the motion of the loading block to be solved without using iteration. The formulation and example applications for each method are given. Results from numerical simulations and laboratory experiments show that the total transformation method maintains accuracy, while the incremental transformation method may accumulate error if the incremental rotation of the loading block is not small over the time step. A procedure for estimating the incremental error in the incremental kinematic transformation method is presented as a means to predict and possibly control the error. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

起伏地表下的直接叠前时间偏移

提出了一种新的叠前时间偏移方法和流程,可不必应用野外静校正,直接对起伏地表采集的地震数据进行叠前时间偏移.本文采用输入道成像方式,通过基于稳相点原理给出单道数据的走时和振幅计算方法,发展了一个表驱动的叠前时间偏移算法.偏移方法可依据同相轴是否被拉平确定叠加速度和修正近地表速度模型,也可依据拟成像的构造倾角,自适应地确定偏移孔径;后者既减少了偏移计算量,也压制了偏移噪声.文中用二维起伏地表的断陷盆地模型的理论数据验证了所发展方法的成像效果.     

基于GPS和大气传输模型的InSAR大气改正方法研究

利用GPS数据改正InSAR大气影响中,GPS站网的低空间密度是限制改正精度的一个主要因素.文中引入大气传输模型（ATM）来考虑大气状态在时间上的演化,并兼顾了风向的估计,把GPS-ZWD（GPS湿延迟）时间序列观测值转换为空间上分布比较稠密的GPS-ZWD网络,然后利用该稠密网络在空间上内插产生水汽延迟图,来更好地模拟InSAR影像获取时刻的水汽场,提高大气改正精度.实验结果表明,在研究地区有限的数据条件下（即只有6个GPS点的情况下）,GPS+ATM算法在重现大气信号能力方面比单纯的使用影像获取时刻的GPS-ZWD数据要强,并且其对长波的大气误差去除更明显;用来做实验的三幅差分干涉图中,GPS+ATM算法对两幅以长波信号为主的干涉图中的大气影响分别降低了21.7%和22.6%,比仅使用SAR过境时刻GPS-ZWD数据时的结果分别改进了4.5%和8.7%.而对以短波信号为主的干涉图没有明显提高.     

川西地区壳幔结构与汶川MS8.0级地震的孕震背景

收集了四川数字地震台网记录的57个远震事件,并从宽频带数字化三分量地震记录中计算出了马尔康（MEK）、都江堰（YZP）、中江（JJS）、江油（ZJG）、广元（YTS）、康定（GDS）、汉源（XJP）、雅安（MDS）、峨眉山（EMS）、沐川（WMP）、仁寿（YGD）、荣县（HMS）等12个台站下方的远震P波径向接收函数.另外,引入地震勘探中的动校正技术,将各台的接收函数校正到67°的参考震中距处,然后对接收函数进行叠加以增强信号,并把叠加接收函数作为台站下方的平均接收函数.最后,利用台站下的平均接收函数反演得到S波速度结构.反演结果表明：以锦屏山—龙门山断裂为界,其西侧地壳厚达70 km,而东侧仅为50 km左右,Moho面在断裂下方形成了一个陡坎;川西地区的地壳速度结构与川中地区差异较大,主要表现在川西地区的中地壳存在厚度为8~22 km的低速层.在都江堰、雅安一带,低速层的厚度最大,其厚度在20~22 km之间,其上地壳为一个坚硬固体,在区域构造应力场作用下,形成了孕育大地震的构造环境.     

沉积盆地、结晶基底和油、气成因理念与第二深度空间勘探和开发

在石油、天然气的勘探和开发研究中,涉及到深部空间的介质、结构和属性,在沉积建造上涉及到陆相沉积、海相沉积和火山岩相,在油、气成因理论上涉及到有机成因和无机成因,在机制上涉及到深部流体的分异、调整、运移和动力作用.这些本质性问题的研究和探讨是人们十分关注的科学领域.基于油、气生、储和形成的理论、应用和成效的研究提出,有几个基础性的理念问题必须重新认识,特别是沉积建造与古老变质岩结晶基底;双相（海相和陆相）沉积建造与盆地的内涵和双基（有机和无机）混合油、气成因理念.清晰地厘定这些认识不仅有益于对油、气形成、聚集和勘探及开发给出一个更为科学的深部空间,即第二深度空间（5000~10000 m）的油、气勘探,而更为重要的是基于对这些理念的重新认识和深化研究可构建新的思路或理论,且在新的理念导向下,强化油、气深部勘探,以期能在理论研究和实践应用中取得新的成效,发现大型与超大型油、气田.     

基于精确权函数的仪器响应失真校正方法与算例

当前,经仪器响应失真校正后,加速度计有效观测频带通常为0至1倍自振频率,这限制了强震仪应用领域的延拓。有鉴于此,本文提出一个基于精确权函数的仪器响应失真校正方法并给出一个验证算例。分析表明:较之现有方法,新方法兼有高精度和高效率的优点,并可以将力平衡式加速度计的有效观测频带至少延拓3倍,对于拓展强震仪的应用领域具有重要意义。     

Exact solution of earth-flattening transformation for P-SV waves: Taking surface wave as an example

Taking surface wave as an example this paper proposes an exact solution of earth-flattening transformation for P-SV waves and discusses the applicability of the approximate methods. The results show that the transform parameter m has little influence on the final results, and on the condition of short wave approximation, approximate earth-flattening transformation is suitable. Moreover, the efficiency of approximate transformation is twice of that of exact transformation. For low frequency problems exact earth-flattening transformation should be used.     

Focal depths for moderate-sized aftershocks of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake and their implications

Sliding-window cross-correlation method is firstly adopted to identify sPn phase, and to constrain focal depth from regional seismograms, by measuring the time separation between sPn and Pn phases. We present the focal depths of the 17 moderate-sized aftershocks (MS≥5.0) of the Wenchuan MS8.0 earth-quake, using the data recorded by the regional seismic broadband networks of Shaanxi, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and Sichuan. Our results show focal depths of aftershocks range from 8 to 20 km, and tend to cluster at two average depths, separate at 32.5°N, i.e., 11 km to the south and 17 km to the north, indicating that these aftershocks are origin of upper-to-middle crust. Combined with other results, we suggest that the Longmenshan fault is not a through-going crustal fault and the Pingwu-Qingchuan fault may be not the northward extension of the Longmenshan thrust fault.