Modified models for better prediction of infiltration rates in trapezoidal permeable stormwater channels

ABSTRACT

In stormwater management, it is important to accurately quantify the infiltration rates to solve urban runoff-related problems. This study proposes a method to improve estimates of the infiltration rate in permeable stormwater channels. As part of the analysis, five infiltration models were evaluated: the Kostiakov, Horton, modified Kostiakov, Philip and SCS (Soil Conservation Service) models. Infiltration tests with various initial water levels were performed on channel models with differing base width and side slopes. The results show that the addition of three parameters that describe the trapezoidal cross-sectional area, i.e. the depth, side slope and base width, in the infiltration models yielded better estimates of the infiltration rate. A comparison of the infiltration capacity values obtained from the models after the three parameters were added with those that were experimentally obtained, shows that the improved modified Kostiakov model is the most suitable model to predict infiltration rates in trapezoidal permeable stormwater channels.     

Wave height transformation and set-up between a submerged permeable breakwater and a seawall

In this study,we investigated wave transformation and wave set-up between a submerged permeable breakwater and a seawall.Modified time-dependent mild-slope equations,which involve parameters of the porous medium,were used to calculate the wave height transformation and the mean water level change around a submerged breakwater.The numerical solution is verified with experimental data.The simulated results show that modulations of the wave profile and wave set-up are clearly observed between the submerged breakwater and the seawall.In contrast to cases without a seawall,the node or pseudo-node of wave height evolution can be found between the submerged breakwater and the seawall.Higher wave set-up occurs if the nodal or pseudo-nodal point appears near the submerged breakwater.We also examined the influence of the porosity and friction factor of the submerged permeable breakwater on wave transformation and set-up.     

基于核磁共振测井的低渗透砂岩孔隙结构定量评价方法——以东营凹陷南斜坡沙四段为例

低渗透砂岩油气藏已成为油气增储生产的重要勘探开发目标,但孔隙结构复杂使得储层及其有效性难以准确识别.笔者利用物性、压汞、核磁等资料,对东营凹陷南坡沙四段(Es4)低渗透砂岩孔隙结构进行分析,划分出了3种类型.核磁T2谱与毛管压力曲线都在一定程度上反映孔喉分布,但常规方法利用T2谱重构伪毛管压力曲线所得到的孔隙半径与压汞孔喉半径有较大误差,而岩石孔隙自由流体T2与压汞孔喉分布对应关系更好,以此建立了不同孔隙结构类型二者之间不同孔喉尺度对应的关系式(大尺度:线性;小尺度:分段幂函数),可在井筒剖面上通过识别孔隙结构类型,进而利用核磁共振测井(NML)定量反演孔径分布,省去了构建伪毛管曲线环节,为低渗透砂岩储层有效性评价提供了直接依据,也是测井用于定量反演储层微观孔隙结构信息的有益探索.     

Performance of alkaline reactive materials in the remediation of acidic groundwater

Acidic groundwater and surface water are common problems in coastal Australia causing massive fish kills, attack of concrete and steel structures, and clogging of waterways. The best solution is the construction of a permeable reactive barrier （PRB） to neutralise the acidic groundwater before entering nearby waterways. A PRB consists of a trench filled with reactive material that intersects the flow-path of a contaminant plume and ameliorates the contaminated groundwater. A PRB is being designed in a pilot scale study in ASS in southeastern Australia. The groundwater is acidic （pH 3） with high A1 （40 mg/L） and Fe （530 mg/L） levels. When the acidic groundwater comes into contact with this PRB, the acid will be neutralized by the alkaline reactive materials and the aluminum and iron will be removed from the groundwater. Twenty-five alkaline materials were tested for use in the PRB, with an emphasis on waste materials, including oyster shells and recycled concrete. Batch tests were used to select the best two reactive materials for use in the column tests. The pH achieved by each material was controlled by the reaction kinetics of the dominant alkaline component.     

冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷留楚油田古近系东营组沉积微相及油气开发意义

留楚油田位于冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷中南部留楚构造带善旺断鼻,是古近纪东营组复杂断块油藏,目前已处于中高含水期。通过对岩心描述、小层对比与划分、单砂体沉积微相描述及测井相的综合分析,总结了留楚油田河流相砂体的主要相标志,分析认为东二段、东三段沉积时期留楚地区以低弯度曲流河沉积为主,并将主力含油单砂体所在地层划分了河道、堤岸和河漫3个亚相,以及河床滞留沉积、边滩、天然堤、决口扇、河漫滩、泛滥平原6个沉积微相;结合动态资料分析,指出沉积微相对储集层物性的控制作用,探讨了不同微相砂体的渗流特征;认为应根据不同沉积微相砂体的空间展布和层内非均质性特征,进行油藏注采关系调整和确定目标潜力区,为制订合理的油气田开发调整方案提供可靠的地质依据,为同类油藏的研究与开采提供借鉴。     

山东渤南油田三区下第三系沙河街组三段4砂组储渗结构特征研究

渤南油田低渗透储层是胜利油田较为典型的低渗透储层代表，离物源近，沉积物供给和沉积速率快是造成渤南油田储层低渗透的重要基础，复杂的成岩作用是导致低渗透储层非均质性的主要原因之一，其中溶解成岩作用形成的多种次生孔隙，使低渗透储层的孔隙度提高，储层岩性，物性与裂缝构成了渤南油田有利的油藏储渗单元。     

渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷锦310预探井钻前储集层质量预测

为了在渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷锦310预探井钻探前预测锦1井区古近系沙二段储集层的质量,文中应用成岩作用数值模拟技术预测了该地区沙二段的成岩阶段,综合考虑成岩作用和沉积微相对储集层孔隙度的影响,建立了孔隙度预测模型,在钻前预测了沙二段的孔隙度。结果表明,锦1井区沙二段储集层在大部分地区处于中成岩阶段A期,次生孔隙发育;在填隙物含量高达16.13％的条件下,锦310井钻前预测孔隙度和钻后实测孔隙度的绝对误差只有1.3％。由此可见,综合考虑成岩作用和沉积相的钻前储集层质量预测方法,可应用于预探井的勘探部署。     

吴旗探区长61储层构造裂缝特征及分布规律

吴旗地区主力油层为上三叠统延长组长6¹,属于特低渗储层。根据研究区露头地层、钻井岩心及岩石薄片实物资料,同时利用古地磁岩心定向方法,对研究区构造裂缝进行了详细的定性-定量化观测描述和统计。研究认为,吴旗地区长6¹储层主要发育NE向和NW向高角度的区域性共轭构造裂缝系统。储层段岩心构造裂缝密度为0.4~1.90 条/m,构造裂缝以偏张性为主,充填较为严重（约占57％）,无效裂缝居多（约占68％）。在此基础上,以构造裂缝观测值为依据,通过构造应力场有限元数值模拟,综合岩石破裂法和能量法,建立了裂缝预测数学模型,对长6¹储层构造裂缝分布和发育规律进行了定量预测研究,指出了裂缝发育区、次发育区和不发育区;同时,预测了张、剪裂缝发育方位,为吴旗地区低渗透储层石油进一步勘探部署和区块合理开发提供了地质依据。     

粗糙透水床面明渠水流的垂线流速分布

为了进一步揭示粗糙透水床面明渠水流运动特性,针对垂线流速分布研究存在的问题,根据边界层理论,推导了含有摩阻流速、理论床面流速和原点位移等3个参数的修正对数公式;通过水槽试验,运用激光多普勒测速仪,分别对用直径1 cm玻璃珠构成的粗糙不透水和透水床面明渠水流的垂线流速分布进行了测量。结果表明:推导的修正对数公式与实测符合很好;相同水流条件下,透水床面的摩阻流速要大于不透水床面,各自的阻力系数保持基本不变;理论床面流速是主流平均流速的0.35~0.45倍,且床面相对流速随着雷诺数的增大而略有减小。