饱和南京细砂永久应变势模型的试验研究

土单元永久应变势的预测模型是土动力学的重要研究内容之一。现有的土单元永久应变势模型没有反映振动孔压增长的影响,难以合理解释地震动作用引起的饱和砂土地基永久变形一般是由土层软化或再固结变形所致的机理。基于饱和南京细砂永久变形动三轴试验结果的有效应力状态分析,研究了试样的永久变形与振动孔压增长的关系,建立了一个能反映振动孔压增长影响的土单元永久应变势模型,给出了土单元永久应变势的数学表达式,分析了土单元永久应变势模型参数的影响因素。初步的验证性试验表明:模型预测与试验测得的试样永久应变势与振动孔压增长曲线比较接近,说明该模型具有一定的合理性。     

Analysis of permanent deformations of railway embankments under repeated vehicle loadings in permafrost regions

By large-scale dynamic tests carried out on a traditional sand-gravel embankment at the Beilu River section along the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad, we collected the acceleration waveforms close to the railway tracks when trains passed. The dynamic train loading was converted into an equivalent creep stress, using an equivalent static force method. Also, the creep equation of frozen soil was introduced according to the results of frozen soil rheological triaxial tests. A coupled creep model based on a time-hardening power function rule and the Druker-Prager yield and failure criterion was established to analyze the creep effects of a plain fill embankment under repeated train loads. The temperature field of the embankment in the permafrost area was set at the current geothermal conditions. As a result, the permanent deformation of the embankment under train loading was obtained, and the permanent deformation under the train loads to the total embankment deformation was also analyzed.     

Rule‐based Integration of Remotely‐sensed Data and GIS for Land Cover Mapping in NE Costa Rica

Abstract

A classification method was developed for mapping land cover in NE Costa Rica at a regional scale for spatial input to a biogeochemical model (CENTURY). To distinguish heterogeneous cover types, unsupervised classifications of Landsat Thematic Mapper data were combined with ancillary and derived data in an iterative process. Spectral classes corresponding to ground control types were segregated into a storage raster while ambiguous pixels were passed through a set of rules to the next stage of processing. Feature sets were used at each step to help sort spectral classes into land cover classes. The process enabled different feature sets to be used for different types while recognizing that spectral classification alone was not sufficient for separating cover types that were defined by heterogeneity. Spectral data included the TM reflective bands, principal components and the NDVI. Ancillary data included GIS coverages of swamp extents, banana plantation boundaries and river courses. Derived data included neighborhood variety and majority measures that captured texture. The final map depicts 18 land cover types and captures the general patterns found in the region. Some confusion still exists between closely related types such as pasture with different amounts of tree cover.     

ERA与NCEP2大气热源的对比分析以及全球大气热源性质变化规律的研究

首先,对比分析了ECMWF再分析资料(简称ERA)和NCEP/NCAR第2版再分析资料(简称NCEP2)计算的大气热源,并在此基础上研究了全球大气热源性质(符号)变化的规律.分析两套资料计算的大气热源差别较大的某些地区,发现ERA资料在这些地区估算的大气热源要优于NCEP2,因此,在接下来的研究中主要采用了ERA资料.对全球大气热源性质(符号)变化规律的研究主要揭示了全球永久大气热源和永久大气热汇的地理分布特征.永久大气热源中心主要分布在赤道附近地区,在赤道非洲的西部、苏门答腊岛西边的海域和赤道中西太平洋地区各有一个较强的永久热源中心,另外,在日本南部及其东边的太平洋上也有一永久热源中心.永久热汇地区的分布比较有规律,除了南北半球60度到两极之间为永久热汇地区外,南半球5°S～40°S各大陆西边的大洋上都有一个永久热汇中心,另外,在阿拉伯海的北端,北半球15°N～40°N之间太平洋和大西洋的东部也分别有一热汇中心.     

921台湾集集地震近断层强震记录的基线校正

分析了 92 1台湾集集地震近断层强震记录基线偏移的原因 ,指出强震仪的倾斜是导致近断层强震记录基线偏移的主要原因 ,并提出了相应的基线校正方法 ,比较好地消除了近断层强震记录的基线偏移。根据作者的研究 ,原始记录经基线初始化之后 ,基线偏移对反应谱在工程界最感兴趣的0 .1～ 6s周期范围内的影响是很小的 ,对PGA的影响也很小 ,但对PGV ,PGD和永久位移 (D -last)的影响则相当大。因此 ,对近断层强震记录进行基线校正具有重要的意义。文中所提出的基线校正方法 ,可应用于对 1999年土耳其地震及 92 1台湾集集地震余震产生的近断层强震记录和其他近断层强震记录的基线校正     

不同含水状态堆积体边坡地震响应特性大型振动台模型试验

堆积体边坡动力响应特性复杂,影响因素众多。已有的大型动三轴试验结果表明,含水状态对堆积体的动剪切模量比与阻尼比有重要影响。针对含水状态这一因素,开展了2组不同含水率的1:12比尺的大型振动台堆积体边坡模型试验,对比分析了其在连续地震荷载序列作用下的加速度响应特性与坡顶位移发展趋势。试验结果表明：2组边坡模型均表现出第一阶自振频率随着加载序列递减、阻尼比随着加载序列增大的现象,但含水率为6.6%时,边坡第1阶自振频率与阻尼比均大于含水率为0.7%的堆积体边坡。堆积体边坡含水率为6.6%时的输入地震动峰值加速度（PGA）放大系数大于堆积体边坡含水率为0.7%时的工况。2组模型坡顶水平响应加速度的傅里叶频谱特征相似,均表现出输入地震波的特征频率越接近模型第1阶自振频率,坡顶水平加速度放大效应越明显,而且从低频侧接近第1阶自振频率的响应比从高频侧接近的要显著。含水率为6.6%的堆积体边坡在多级地震荷载作用下的坡顶永久位移均大于含水率为0.7%的边坡,堆积体边坡含水率为6.6%,坡顶永久位移对输入地震波的频谱特性更敏感。研究结论有助于增强不同含水状态对堆积体边坡动力响应规律影响的认识。     

考虑土体抗拉强度的边坡永久位移极限分析

通过野外观测与室内试验发现,边坡后缘往往存在拉应力区。拉应力区的存在会影响边坡的稳定性,而地震荷载的存在会放大这种影响。分析拉应力区对边坡稳定性的影响,当前主要采用的方式为:对强度准则中抗拉强度进行折减（即张拉截断）。文章通过极限分析上限原理和拟静力法,推导出边坡临界加速度计算方程。以边坡在不同参数组合下的位移系数为基础,输入实测地震波,采用改进的Newmark法对边坡进行位移分析。文章算例的结果表明:拉应力区的存在会大大降低边坡临界加速度,土体在完全张拉截断下的临界加速度对边坡可能会产生超过50%的折减。拉应力区的存在也可以使永久位移达到传统的摩尔库伦理论计算值的2倍之多。文中所有的结果皆以图表形式展示,非常便于理解以及读取数据。      

The Role of GNSS Vertical Velocities to Correct Estimates of Sea Level Rise from Tide Gauge Measurements in Greece

In this study, we show how the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-derived vertical velocities contribute to the correction of tide gauge (TG) measurements used for the sea level rise estimation in Greece. Twelve sites with records of local sea level heights are processed in order to estimate their trend. Certain error sources related to TGs, e.g. equipment changes, data noise, may lead to biased or erroneous estimations of the sea level height. Therefore, it would be preferred to follow a robust estimation technique in order to detect and reduce outlier effects. The geocentric sea level rise is estimated by taking into account the land vertical motion of co-located GNSS permanent stations at the Hellenic area. TGs measure the height of the water relative to a monitored geodetic benchmark on land. On the other hand, using GNSS-based methods the vertical land motion can be derived. By means of extended models fitted to the GNSS time-series position, obtained from seven years of continuous data analysis, periodic signals are well described. The synergy of the two co-located techniques results in the correction of TG relative sea level heights taking into account the GNSS vertical velocities and consequently obtaining the conversion to absolute (geocentric) sea level trend.     

Residual displacements of RC structures as SDOF systems

Residual displacements are sensitive to ground motion details, hence more random than peak inelastic displacements. Among the factors with systematic impact on residual displacements, the post‐yield‐stiffness‐ratio has been studied thoroughly; its effects are not investigated further. Concerning another important factor, the hysteresis law, past studies have focused on the bilinear model, which does not represent concrete structures. Residual displacements from nonlinear response‐history analyses of bilinear systems are compared to those from models tuned to concrete structures, conforming to modern codes, deficient or intermediate. Deficient‐type structures, with their narrow, almost self‐centering hysteresis loops, develop markedly smaller residual displacements than those with stable energy‐dissipating behavior. A velocity pulse in the motion increases peak inelastic and residual displacements by about the same proportion. As a fraction of the peak inelastic or spectral displacement, residual displacements are on average almost independent of the period and increase when the lateral strength ratio increases, reaching a limit at a lateral strength ratio of 2 to 5. Peak inelastic displacements are a better basis for estimation of residual displacements than spectral ones: the ratio of the two is almost independent of the period, the lateral strength ratio (beyond values of 2 to 3) and velocity pulses. The spectrum of the ratio of residual displacement to peak inelastic or spectral displacement is considered as a random process of period; its mean and variance functions, marginal probability distributions and autocorrelation functions are given in terms of the lateral strength ratio, the hysteresis model and the presence of a velocity pulse. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.