Probability density evolution method for seismic liquefaction performance analysis of earth dam

To investigate the seismic liquefaction performance of earth dams under earthquake loading, we present a new methodology for evaluating the seismic response of earth dams based on a performance‐based approach and a stochastic vibration method. This study assesses an earthfill dam located in a high‐intensity seismic region of eastern China. The seismic design levels and corresponding performance indexes are selected according to performance‐based criteria and dam seismic codes. Then, nonlinear constitutive models are used to derive an array of deterministic seismic responses of the earth dam by dynamic time series analysis based on a finite element model. Based on these responses, the stochastic seismic responses and dynamic reliability of the earth dam are obtained using the probability density evolution method. Finally, the seismic performance of the earth dam is assessed by the performance‐based and reliability criteria. Our results demonstrate the accuracy of the seismic response analysis of earth dams using the random vibration method. This new method of dynamic performance analysis of earth dams demonstrates that performance‐based criteria and reliability evaluation can provide more objective indices for decision‐making rather than using deterministic seismic acceleration time series as is the current normal practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

T形配钢钢骨混凝土柱抗震性能数值分析

为研究非对称配钢钢骨混凝土柱的抗震性能,基于12根T形配钢钢骨混凝土柱的拟静力试验研究进行非线性数值模拟,了解其破坏机制、承载力、延性及耗能能力,探讨轴压比、配钢率、剪跨比对抗震性能的影响。结果表明,低周反复荷载作用下T形配钢钢骨混凝土柱滞回曲线饱满,具有良好的延性和耗能能力。在峰值荷载前,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。轴压力在一定范围内提高了试件承载力,但降低了延性;增大配钢率能提高试件的承载力、刚度和延性,使得峰值荷载后试件的性能退化趋于平缓;剪跨比对试件破坏形态有显著影响,随剪跨比的增大试件延性性能提高。     

A multidirectional conditional spectrum

This paper presents a procedure to generate multidirectional conditional spectra (MDCS) that allow for the characterisation of seismic demands at different angles of incidence. Being conditional on a particular period and its direction of maximum response, it is considered to be a natural evolution of the conditional spectrum to account for the effects of directionality, that is, the variation of seismic demands as a function of the angle of incidence of ground motions, which can have a significant effect on the performance of different kinds of structures. The three main components needed for the generation of MDCS are explained in detail. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted using different sampling methods to assess the effects of incorporating the correlation between demands at different orientations for the same oscillator period, and a novel correlation model is proposed for this purpose. The statistical characteristics of MDCS, their relation with the conditional spectrum, the advantages of the MDCS over previous definitions of orientation‐specific spectra, and prospective future developments are discussed.     

填充墙刚度影响的实测高层建筑增量动力分析

高层结构中的填充墙在地震作用下与周围结构构件之间的相互作用十分复杂,对建筑结构的整体抗震性能具有较大影响。然而我国规范在设计阶段通常不考虑填充墙对结构抗震性能的影响,统一采用周期折减系数来考虑其刚度变化引起的内力变化,因此准确评估填充墙对结构抗震性能的影响具有重要意义。本文在对一栋框-剪结构和一栋剪力墙高层建筑进行随机振动测试的基础上,利用Perform-3D对每栋高层分别建立了3种分析模型。其中对未考虑填充墙作用的结构模型,分别采取规范建议值和实测结果值两种方式进行周期折减。对通过添加斜撑单元来考虑填充墙作用的结构模型,利用环境激励测试识别获得的结构模态信息进行模型修正。对该3种模型进行了增量动力分析,探讨潜在危险性水平地震作用下填充墙对高层建筑抗震性能的影响。结果表明,填充墙增加了结构在弹性阶段的整体初始刚度,但随着地震动强度的增加逐渐丧失对结构刚度的贡献作用。相比考虑了填充墙作用的模型计算结果,规范建议的周期折减系数较为保守。同时研究发现,填充墙对高层框-剪结构的影响程度要比剪力墙结构大。     

新型扇形盘式消能器减震性能参数分析

提出了一种新型扇形盘式效能器(fanshaped disc-type energy dissipator,FDED),阐明了其原理、特点,导出其设计要点和设计理论,采用数值方法分析了FDED的减震性能,研究不同设计参数对FDED减震性能的影响。结果表明:FDED设计原理可行,减震机理明确,其转盘式的构造可起到有效的位移放大效果,使得消能器在小激励位移下发挥耗能作用;FDED具有明显的双线性恢复力特性和稳定的耗能性能,等效黏滞阻尼系数可达50%以上;阻尼件中橡胶硬度的改变对FDED初始刚度的影响不敏感,但对FDED屈服后刚度和等效黏滞阻尼系数的影响较为明显。随着橡胶硬度的增大,FDEDE的屈服后刚度上升,等效黏滞阻尼系数降低;保持阻尼层中橡胶层的总厚度不变,通过增减叠层钢板改变单层橡胶层的厚度对于调整FDED的减震性能影响不大;调整铅芯直径的大小主要影响FDED的屈服力和耗能性能。随着铅芯直径的增大,FDED的屈服力也增大,耗能能力逐渐提高。     

土坯墙体抗震加固的试验研究

通过对4片西北地区传统土坯墙体在低周往复荷载作用下的抗震性能试验研究,对比分析了竹胶板及木柱木梁加固墙片的破坏形态、水平承载力、变形性能、骨架曲线、刚度退化曲线、滞回曲线与耗能性能。试验研究表明:加固墙片可有效提高墙体的抗震性能。在此基础上提出用竹胶板加固既有且在用的村镇土坯墙体房屋,该加固方式经济有效,又能在一定程度上保存建筑原始风貌,满足实际工程的设计要求。     

部分预制型钢混凝土梁抗震性能试验研究

为探究部分预制型钢混凝土梁的抗震性能,进行了7个部分预制型钢混凝土梁试件的拟静力试验,研究了试件的裂缝开展过程、破坏形态、承载能力、延性、耗能能力和刚度退化情况,探究预制截面模式、剪跨比和后浇混凝土强度等对其抗震能力的影响。结果表明:地震作用下,该7个试件力学性能较好,剪跨比是影响试件抗震性能的首要要素,剪跨比大的试件耗能能力强,型钢约束部分混凝土可以提高试件的耗能能力,截面模式和后浇混凝土强度对抗震性能影响不大。     

辽宁省地震重点监视防御区典型村镇房屋抗震现状调查与分析

为了解辽宁省地震重点监视防御区典型村镇房屋抗震能力现状,通过现场调查的方式对辽阳、锦州和盘锦等地的村镇民居进行了随机抽样调查,并从场地选择、地基基础、建筑材料、构件的连接及抗震构造措施等方面对其抗震性能进行了分析。总体上看:房屋抗震能力不足的比例占85%左右,主要体现在抗震构造措施缺失及构件连接问题上。在此基础上对提高村镇房屋抗震性能提出了一些对策和建议,为辽宁省农村防震减灾工作提供参考。     

青海东南部农村民居结构特点及抗震能力分析

我国农村民居的抗震能力具有显著的地域特点。本文基于现场调研结果总结了青海东南部黄河流域农村民居的结构特点,并对其抗震能力进行了评估。庄廓院是调研区内的典型农村民居,本文对调研区内庄廓院的木构架房屋进行研究,提出庄廓土墙围护木构架房屋的震害等级分类标准,根据实际震害资料和类比的方法确定了当地土墙围护木构架结构的震害矩阵和震害指数与峰值加速度的关系曲线。与云南鲁甸农村的土木结构房屋比较,青海庄廓院民居具有更高的抗震能力;与未设防的砖混结构比较,这种土墙围护的木构架结构在高烈度区造成人员伤亡的风险更低。     

Performance‐based design using structural optimization

A new methodology for seismic design is proposed based on structural optimization with performance‐based constraints. Performance‐based criteria are introduced for the seismic design of new buildings. These criteria are derived from the National Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (Reference [19], Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), ‘NHERP Guidelines for seismic rehabilitation of buildings’, Report Nos 273 and 274, Washington, DC, 1997) for retrofitting existing structures. The proposed design methodology takes into account the non‐linear behaviour of the structure. The goal is to incorporate in the design the actual performance levels of the structure, i.e. how much reserve capacity the structure has in an earthquake of a given magnitude. The optimal design of the structure minimizes the structural cost subjected to performance constraints on plastic rotations of beams and columns, as well as behavioural constraints for reinforced concrete frames. Uncertainties in the structural period and in the earthquake excitation are taken into account using convex models. The optimization routine incorporates a non‐linear analysis program and the procedure is automated. The proposed methodology leads to a structural design for which the levels of reliability (performance levels) are assumed to be quantifiable. Furthermore, the entire behaviour of the structure well into the non‐linear range is investigated in the design process. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.