基于一种新强度理论的非饱和土边坡稳定性分析

非饱和土强度及其边坡稳定性一直是工程界和理论界的一个重要课题。Bishop和Fredlund提出的抗剪强度公式虽被广泛接受,但应用工程仍存诸多不便。针对于此,作者提出了一种有效应力与土水特征曲线发展成的一种新的非饱和土强度公式。该公式不需多组的非饱和土剪切试验,便于工程应用。基于此强度公式,采用VB语言,结合Bishop法,编写了非饱和土边坡稳定性的计算程序,讨论了强度分层的影响,还分析了裂隙对非饱和土边坡稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,对于膨胀土边坡,强度的分层是合理的,也是必要的。     

基于遥感与GIS的中国农村居民点规模分布特征

利用2000年TM图像判读的中国土地利用矢量图提取全国农村居民点信息，分析了中国农村规模分布的基本特征。中国农村居民点密度呈现地带性差异，东部地区农村居民点密度较高，西部较低。农村居民点规模区域差异明显。北方大于南方，平原地区大于丘陵地区，经济发达地区大于经济欠发达地区；全国农村居民点规模较小，平均规模越小的地区集中在规模较小的居民点较多。全国农村居民点分布不均匀，孔隙度指数与农村居民点密度相关程度较高，农村居民点密度较高的地区，孔隙度指数较小，农村居民点分布较为均匀，距离较低，农村居民点密度较小的地区，孔隙度指数较大，农村居民点分布不均匀，距离较远。     

BPSK-R信号与BOC信号码跟踪性能分析及比较

分析了射频前端带宽与BOC信号自相关函数的关系,研究了射频前端带宽和早迟码间距对S曲线的影响。在规范的TOA误差估计模型框架下,采用非相干延时码跟踪锁定环,推导出非相干延时锁定环理论计算的码跟踪误差与射频前端带宽、早迟码间距、载噪比、积分时间和码环路带宽之间的关系表达式,从而定量地分析了非相干延时锁定环的码跟踪误差。最后对BPSK-R信号和BOC(10,5)信号的码跟踪性能做了比较,比较表明,BOC(10,5)信号的码跟踪性能优于传统的BPSK-R信号,在相同的码跟踪精度条件下,BOC(10,5)比10.23 MHz BPSK-R信号所需要的载噪比约低7 dB,比1.023 MHz BPSK-R信号低15 dB左右。     

多核处理器的机载激光雷达点云并行三角网渐进加密滤波方法

滤波是机载LiDAR点云数据处理的关键步骤之一,点云数据的海量化特性使得一般的串行化滤波处理方法无法满足快速成图的应用需求。提出一种基于多核计算技术的并行三角网渐进加密滤波方法,将串行方法中最耗时的三角网构建与脚点判别过程进行了并行化改造。三角网构建算法的并行化基于分治法实现,脚点判别算法的并行化采用一种随机分配策略将三角网划分为多个离散分布的三角形子集合来实现负载均衡。并行滤波方法在8核环境下多次渐进加密的实际加速比达到3.1左右。试验证明,该方法可以充分发挥多核计算优势,并且对不同分布形态点云数据具有良好的适应性。     

数字化曲线的附加系统参数平差

针对一般地图数字化曲线拟合方法的不足,提出了利用附加系统参数平差计算拟合曲线的参数。在参数平差中,将数字化曲线的X坐标和Y坐标均看作观测值,综合处理偶然误差和系统误差的联合影响,并评定精度。用t分布对系统参数进行显著性检验,结果表明附加系统参数模型正确。     

The technique of quasi-lossless compression of the remote sensing image

In this paper, the technique of quasi-lossless compression based on the image restoration is presented. The technique of compression described in the paper includes three steps, namely bit compression, correlation removing and image restoration based on the theory of modulation transfer function (MTF). The quasi-lossless compression comes to a high speed. The quality of the reconstruction image under restoration is up to par of the quasi-lossless with higher compression ratio. The experiments of the TM and SPOT images show that the technique is reasonable and applicable.     

Do choropleth maps linked with parallel coordinates facilitate an understanding of multivariate spatial characteristics?

Our study has three objectives. We want to investigate (1) whether choropleth maps linked with parallel coordinates help people understand the locations of vulnerable places and the factors making these places vulnerable, (2) whether sparklines that imitate the polylines from a parallel coordinate plot support the understanding of the information provided in that plot, and (3) whether a multiple-view geovisualization approach might be intuitive and useful also for nonexperts. Although we base our work on the functionalities available in the tool called ‘ViewExposed,’ we intend to outline more general conclusions on whether multiple linked views facilitate the understanding of multivariate spatial characteristics. An empirical study with 53 individuals was conducted to obtain insights on these objectives. Our task-based assessment considered the ways in which participants understood the dynamic linking capabilities. Some of the key findings are as follows: (1) even nonexpert users are able to use parallel coordinates linked with choropleth maps; however, only those with extensive inference-making abilities will do so efficiently; (2) parallel coordinates sparklines work as an independent component facilitating the understanding of multivariate data; and (3) the intuitive nature of a multiple-view geovisualization tool is not enough to encourage people to use it.     

Optimization of streamflow measurements by the dilution of the food colorant E110 / Optimisation de la mesure de débit par dilution du colorant alimentaire E110

Abstract

This study presents the measurement of streamflows by constant dilution of a yellow-orange food colorant (E110). Field measurements are carried out in the Doria River, a mountain torrent in the Savoie pre-Alps, France. A limnimetric station installed 12 years ago is periodically calibrated by mechanical and chemical measurements. Moreover, simultaneous mechanical and chemical methods allow the statistical validation of the proposed technique. The main advantages of this method are the lack of toxicity, the absence of visible river colouring, comparable to that of aquatic organic matter, and the low detection limit. This method allows high flow measurement under suitable conditions.     

PUBLICATIONS OF THE IAHS

Abstract

Gauging stations where the stage—discharge relationship is affected by hysteresis due to unsteady flow represent a challenge in hydrometry. In such situations, the standard hydrometric practice of fitting a single-valued rating curve to the available stage—discharge measurements is inappropriate. As a solution to this problem, this study provides a method based on the Jones formula and nonlinear regression, which requires no further data beyond the available stage—discharge measurements, given that either the stages before and after each measurement are known along with the duration of each measurement, or a stage hydrograph is available. The regression model based on the Jones formula rating curve is developed by applying the monoclinal rising wave approximation and the generalized friction law for uniform flow, along with simplifying assumptions about the hydraulic and geometric properties of the river channel in conjunction with the gauging station. Methods for obtaining the nonlinear least-squares rating-curve estimates, while factoring in approximated uncertainty, are discussed. The broad practical applicability and appropriateness of the method are demonstrated by applying the model to: (a) an accurate, comprehensive and detailed database from a hydropower-generated highly dynamic flow in the Chattahoochee River, Georgia, USA; and (b) data from gauging stations in two large rivers in the USA affected by hysteresis. It is also shown that the model is especially suitable for post-modelling hydraulic and statistical validation and assessment.     

On the use of mean monthly runoff to predict the flow–duration curve in ungauged catchments

ABSTRACT

We examine the applicability of predicting the daily flow–duration curve (FDC) using mean monthly runoff represented in its stochastic form (MM_FDC) to aid in predictions in ungauged basins, using long-term hydroclimatic data at 73 catchments of humid climate, in the eastern USA. The analysis uses soil hydrological properties, soil moisture storage capacity and the predominant runoff generation mechanism. The results show that MM_FDC did not distinguish the shapes of the upper and lower thirds of the FDC. The upper third is where the precipitation pattern and the antecedent moisture conditions are dominant, while the lower third is where drought-induced low flows and the evapotranspiration effect are prevalent. It is possible to use the MM_FDC to predict the middle third of the FDC (exceedence probabilities between 33% and 66%). The method is constrained by the catchment flow variability (slope of FDC), which changes in accordance with landscape properties and the predominant runoff generation mechanism.