JSCORS在古城墙保护性监测中的应用与分析

本文讨论了JSCORS应用于古城墙保护性观测的基本情况,简要说明了JSCORS的一些使用方法、技巧,并讨论了在类似于古城墙的线状工程中对JSCORS所测得的数据的内业处理方法。同时,还列举了JSCORS运用于工程测量中的一些优缺点,并介绍了笔者的一些心得体会。     

A bundle adjustment approach with inner constraints for the scaled orthographic projection

Bundle adjustment is a method for simultaneously calculating both the interior and exterior orientation parameters of a set of images, and the object-space coordinates of the observed points. In the case of long focal length lenses and narrow field-of-view (FOV) imaging situations, collinearity based (perspective projection) algorithms may result in linear dependencies between parameters that cause solution instability. The use of a scaled orthographic projection model based on linear algebraic formulations was therefore adopted to reduce this risk. Using quaternions, a new mathematical model is derived that includes the partial derivatives as well as the inner constraint equations for a scaled orthographic bundle adjustment. The model was then tested using two image sets of a single, small vessel (about 6 m length) with a cube target of known dimensions at two distinct ranges; perspective solutions were also calculated for comparison. RMS residual errors of 0.74-0.78 pixels associated with the new method compare favorably to a residual error range of 0.59-0.74 pixels using a perspective bundle adjustment of the same target points. Relative precisions (as a ratio of target size) of between 1:1650 and 1:750 have been achieved at ranges of 375 m and 850 m, respectively, given comparisons with the known cube dimensions. A third image dataset consisting of a network of 16 images was solved with a 1:2200 relative precision showing the new method can successfully handle high redundancy. For the experiments that were conducted, the new method was found to produce less precise results than the perspective bundle solution for a FOV of 0.50-0.65° where the object fills 5-8% of the image. However, it was found to match the precision of the perspective model (with an uncalibrated camera) for a FOV of 0.20-0.30° where the object of interest fills only 1-2% of the full image.     

Multi-model projection of July�CAugust climate extreme changes over China under CO2 doubling. Part I: Precipitation

Potential changes in precipitation extremes in July–August over China in response to CO 2 doubling are analyzed based on the output of 24 coupled climate models from the Twentieth-Century Climate in Coupled Models (20C3M) experiment and the 1% per year CO 2 increase experiment (to doubling) (1pctto2x) of phase 3 of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP3). Evaluation of the models’ performance in simulating the mean state shows that the majority of models fairly reproduce the broad spatial pattern of observed precipitation. However, all the models underestimate extreme precipitation by ～50%. The spread among the models over the Tibetan Plateau is ～2–3 times larger than that over the other areas. Models with higher resolution generally perform better than those with lower resolutions in terms of spatial pattern and precipitation amount. Under the 1pctto2x scenario, the ratio between the absolute value of MME extreme precipitation change and model spread is larger than that of total precipitation, indicating a relatively robust change of extremes. The change of extreme precipitation is more homogeneous than the total precipitation. Analysis on the output of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled climate model version 2.1 (GFDL-CM2.1) indicates that the spatially consistent increase of surface temperature and water vapor content contribute to the large increase of extreme precipitation over contiguous China, which follows the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship. Whereas, the meridionally tri-polar pattern of mean precipitation change over eastern China is dominated by the change of water vapor convergence, which is determined by the response of monsoon circulation to global warming.     

Multi-Model Projection of July–August Climate Extreme Changes over China under CO_2 Doubling. Part II: Temperature

This is the second part of the authors’ analysis on the output of 24 coupled climate models from the Twentieth-Century Climate in Coupled Models (20C3M) experiment and 1% per year CO 2 increase experiment (to doubling) (1pctto2x) of phase 3 of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP3). The study focuses on the potential changes of July–August temperature extremes over China. The pattern correlation coefficients of the simulated temperature with the observations are 0.6–0.9, which are higher than the results for precipitation. However, most models have cold bias compared to observation, with a larger cold bias over western China (>5°C) than over eastern China (<2°C). The multi-model ensemble (MME) exhibits a significant increase of temperature under the 1pctto2x scenario. The amplitude of the MME warming shows a northwest–southeast decreasing gradient. The warming spread among the models (～1°C– 2°C) is less than MME warming (～2°C–4°C), indicating a relatively robust temperature change under CO 2 doubling. Further analysis of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled climate model version 2.1 (GFDL-CM2.1) simulations suggests that the warming pattern may be related to heat transport by summer monsoons. The contrast of cloud effects also has contributions. The different vertical structures of warming over northwestern China and southeastern China may be attributed to the different natures of vertical circulations. The deep, moist convection over southeastern China is an effective mechanism for "transporting" the warming upward, leading to more upper-level warming. In northwestern China, the warming is more surface-orientated, possibly due to the shallow, dry convection.     

1960—2008年南方地区冰冻时空分布特征

利用地基多普勒天气雷达数据,提出机载雷达扫描的模拟仿真算法,并建立了仿真扫描的理论模型。该模型利用数据分层几何投影,处理速度较快、精度较高,可应用于扇形扫描和圆锥扫描。在理想情况下,设计了消除地物回波的算法及多普勒速度退模糊的算法。试验表明,仿真回波可应用于机载气象雷达实际观测前的扫描方式可行性研究,有助于分析机载雷达探测的云雨回波特性。     

CMIP3模式对未来50a欧亚大陆雪水当量的预估

为研究预估未来50a欧亚大陆雪水当量,基于遥感数据,用误差百分率、空间相关和误差标准差等统计方法,评估了14个CMIP3模式在20C3M的雪水当量产品,诊断各模式对欧亚大陆雪水当量的模拟能力,在此基础上对模拟效果较好的10个模式产品进行多模式集合,分析了A2和B1情景下2002—2060年欧亚大陆雪水当量的变化．结果表...     

新世纪上海地区相对海平面变化影响因素及预测方法

针对传统相对海平面变化分析方法均将理论海平面变化和地面沉降进行的叠加分析,本文讨论和分析了近20年来全球理论海平面上升速率加快背景下的区域海平面变化速率,利用灰色线性回归组合模型预测上海地区海平面变化趋势。考虑了上海地面沉降发展的新特点,以及长江流域来沙显著减少和河口大型工程建设对上海地区相对海平面变化的影响。在流域来沙量显著减少但来水量变化不大情况下,流域大坝的坝下冲刷使得河槽刷深,河口水位降低,同时长江口深水航道整治工程和促淤围垦工程束狭入海口,使得潮位站水位发生变化,两者的综合效应是目前研究长江口相对海平面变化时必须考虑的重要因素。     

可调节经线收敛度和经纬线间隔的伪圆柱投影

令纬度ψ<,j>转换为ψ<,j>后,中央经线方程用一个ψ<,j>的7次幂方程表示,中央经线方程的系数关联着纬线间隔.令经度λ<,i>转换为ξ<,i>后,赤道方程用一个ξ<,i>的7次幂方程表示,赤道方程的系数关联着经线间隔.经线的收敛度由经线方程的收敛系数调节.由此构建可调节经线收敛度和经纬线间隔的伪圆柱投影.用一实例...     

关于在资源储量估算时探矿权边界位置确定之见析

探矿权边界在资源储量估算(垂直纵投影)图上的投影的准确位置是否受矿体倾角的影响,一直是广大地质工作者一个不重视或不很清楚的问题,在这里利用矿体倾角(α)、矿体走向与探矿权边界的夹角(β)、探矿权边界线投影在矿层面上的交线与矿体走向的夹角(χ)、矿权边界在资源储量估算垂直纵投影图上的投影线与矿体走向线的夹角(χ′)等四个角度的空间关系和三角函数运算,为广大地质工作人员提供了探矿边界在资源储量估算垂直纵投影图上的投影角度的计算公式,以方便大家在工作中使用。     

三峡水库诱发地震监测简介

长江三峡工程是举世瞩目的特大型水利枢纽工程。它的建设将对三峡库区及其周边环境产生巨大影响，水库诱发地震就是可能产生的众多影响之一。中国长江三峡工程开发总公司为了三峡水库周边及其下游的防震减灾需要，投资建设了“长江三峡工程诱发地震监测系统”。三峡数字遥测地震台网是该系统中的重要组成部分，担负了水库诱发地震活动的日常监测任务。本文从水库诱发地震问题出发，简要介绍了该台网的设计思路、布局、监测能力和技术系统。